English Civil War

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English Civil War The Enlightenment

• Annice Rainone
• Spring 2007

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Enlightenment

• A philosophical movement of the 18th century that
  emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize
  previously accepted doctrines and traditions and
  that brought about many humanitarian reforms
• Humanitarian involved in improving people's
  lives and reducing suffering
• Used Science as their base

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New Ideas in Government

• New Philosophies of Natural Law
• Philosopher a person who is in pursuit of
  wisdom by intellectual means
• Natural law universal moral law, rules of human
  nature
• Thomas Hobbes
• believed in absolute rule and monarchy rule
• Believed people should sign social contract to
  give up their freedoms and be governed under a
  ruler.
• People did not have the right to rebel against
  their government

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John Locke

• John Locke-
• Believed in social contract with people to have
  order
• Did NOT believe in absolute Monarchy
• Believed people have NATURAL RIGHTS, rights
  belonging to the people naturally from birth
• Right to life, liberty and property
• America would base their new government on
  Lockes ideas
• Thomas Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of
  Independence used Lockes word to declare America
  Free from British Rule

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Baron Montesquieu- 1748

• French Philosopher who believed that power in
  government should be divided between branches of
  government
• Legislative Branch- made laws
• Executive Branch- enforced laws
• Judicial Branch- interpreted laws
• His work influenced Americas creation of the
  Constitution

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Voltaire

• French Philosopher who agreed with Locke and
  Montesquieu
• Famous quote in support of Free Speech
• I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend
  to the death your right to say it

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Voltaire Quotes

• Appreciation is a wonderful thing It makes what
  is excellent in others belong to us as well.
• Indeed, history is nothing more than a tableau of
  crimes and misfortunes.
• Judge of a man by his questions rather than by
  his answers.
• Those who can make you believe absurdities can
  make you commit atrocities.
• To succeed in the world it is not enough to be
  stupid, you must also be well-mannered.
• When we hear news we should always wait for the
  sacrament of confirmation.

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Englands Civil War

• After Elizabeths death cousin James I came to
  thrown
• James I and his son Charles I created tension
  with and Parliament
• Both demanded absolute rule, spent large amounts
  of and were at odds with Parliament
• King James created his own version of the Bible
  called the King James Bible.

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Charles I

• Started War with France and Spain in 1628.
  Parliament didnt give him the he wanted.
• So Charles dissolved British Parliament and
  placed some areas in England under Martial Law
  (military rule)
• The Parliament was mostly composed of Puritans. A
  religious and political group of people who
  opposed the Church of England.
• They tried to oppose Charless absolute rule by
  making Charles sighn the Petition of Rights

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Petition of Rights

• Petition of Rights said 4 things
• King cant collect taxes or force loans without
  Parliaments consent
• King could not imprison anyone with out just
  cause
• Troops could not be housed in a private homes
  against the will of owner
• King could not declare martial law unless the
  country was at war

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English Civil War

• Charles I ignored the Petition of Rights he
  signed
• Shut down Parliament for 11 years, collected
  taxes and imprisoned anyone who opposed him
• Persecuted the Puritans (members of parliament)
  forcing many to flee to America
• Finally in 1642 civil war broke out in England
  between King Charles I and the Puritan run
  Parliament

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Outcomes of Englands Civil War

• Parliament was able to win because they had an
  excellent leader of its military, Oliver Cromwell
• After four years or war and due largely to the
  leadership of Cromwell, Parliament won in May
  1646
• Parliament gained full control of English
  government and a Puritan run Commonwealth is
  born.
• Commonwealth a republic state ruled by elected
  representatives (mostly wealthy, land owning wht
  men)
• Charles was sentenced to death and executed in
  1649

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Oliver Cromwell

• He was an English military and political leader
  best known for his involvement in making England
  into a republican Commonwealth
• He was a A brilliant soldier (called "Old
  Ironsides") he rose from the ranks to command the
  army.
• After the English Civil War he led the Army
  against Catholic Ireland upheavals. (Rumored to
  be cruel)
• Then in 1653 he took over the corrupt Puritan
  Parliamant by force and declared himself Lord
  Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.
• Cromwell is a very controversial figure in
  English historya regicidal dictator to some
  historians and a hero of liberty to others

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A New Government More

• British Wealth grew threw mercantilism and the
  American Colonies
• Mercantilism Englands economic () policy
  that created trade restrictions through
  restriction of imports and expansion of exports
  so as to accumulate gold and foreign exchange.
• Restricted economic growth in the Americas by
• Having to use/rent British ships to send goods to
  England
• Only allowed to trade with Europe

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Englands Democracy

• By 1679 Parliament had put Charles I son back as
  King, Charles II but he had very limited power.
• Political parties were formed for 1st time in
  England called the Tories and the Whigs
• Limited King rule and democracy were furthered
  with the creation of
• habeas corpus and the English Bill of Rights

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New Legislature

• Habeas Corpus- a bill proposed by the Whigs were
  anyone could not be held in prison without just
  cause or without a trial.
• Englands Bill of Rights (1689)
• Right to trial
• Outlawed cruel unusual punishment
• Limited the amount of bail for person to be
  released before trial
• Speak freely in parliament
• Act of Settlement (1701)
• Parliament excluded any Catholic from inheriting
  the Egnlish crown

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England Early 1700s

• England still a monarchy but King or Queen could
  not rule without Parliaments consent
• Not a true democracy yet, because member of House
  of Commons were elected by only male property
  owners, which was 4 of population
• So really the nobles, gentry and wealthy
  merchants were running the country

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Question?

• How did the Philosophies of Locke and Montesquieu
  effect England's government? The American
  Colonies?

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Question?

• List and explain 3 legislative acts that assisted
  England in becoming more democratic.

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Homework

• In your textbook (pgs 321-326) explain in
  PARAGRAPH form, how the below events caused
  conflict between American colonists and the
  British.
• Navigation acts
• The appointment of Royal Governors
• Greenville policies (settling, smugglers,
  defense)
• Stamp Act Townshend Revenue Acts (tea tax)

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Essay 45 Pts

• Essay due April 25th
• How did the enlightenment philosophers like
  Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu change/effect the
  governments of England and America.
• 5 paragraphs
• Introduction- brief that explains main point of
  essay
• 2 Main body paragraphs (each paragraph discusses
  philosophers ideas and the event/bill/doctrine it
  supports.
• Enlightenment philosophers
• Effects on England
• Effects on America
• Closing paragraph- wraps up main point of essay.

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Outline

• Outline Due Friday, April 20th
• Complete outline handout from Mrs. Rainone

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Essay Rubric- 45 Pts