Title: The First Americans
1Chapter 2 The First Americans
2I. People arrive in the Americas A. The
Beginning 1. 2 million to 10,000
years ago earth was in an Ice Age 2.
Area between present day Alaska northeastern
Asia was a land bridge called
Beringia 3. Covered today by water
called the Bering Strait 4. Asian
hunters followed herds of large animals across
the land bridge into North America.Â
They later spread south.Â
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Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
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Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
5Wooly Mammoth
6Caribou reindeer
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Bison
Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
8B. Living in the Americas 1. First
Americans were Hunter-Gatherers. They hunted
animals, but also gathered seeds,
berries, nuts, plants.. 2. Made their
own tools and weapons from stone pieces,
bone, wood. 3. Archaeologists
scientists who search for traces of
peoples from the past. They look for and examine
artifacts from the past (tools,
weapons, artwork, jewelry, etc.) 4.
Around 8,000 years ago, groups of people were
living throughout both North America
and South America.Â
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Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
10Just discovered in May 2008 in Boulder,
Colorado Tools believed to be 13,000 years old
Belonging to Clovis group
11C. Responding to Warmer Climate 1. Ice
Age ended 10,000 years ago. Temps warmed
ice melted 2. Beringia was covered
with rising ocean stopping foot
migration to the Americas. 3. Large
animals became extinct. Mainly b/c of
climate change. 4. Hunter-Gatherers
adjusted by hunting smaller food and
fishing. Built more permanent shelters
stored food to make it last.Â
12- The First Farmers
- 1. First farming began around 9,000 years
ago. - 2. Later people in Mexico created Maize
(first corn) from - wild grasses growing in the
highlands. Maize later - spreads into Central South
America. Arrives in North - America by 2,000 years ago.
13E. The Native Americans (2000 yrs ago)
1. Scientists believe they are descendants of
the Asian hunters. 2. Spread
throughout North and South America and
developed a variety of cultures 3.
Culture a total way of life people follow to
satisfy their needs and wants.
4. By 2,000 years ago two major tribes lived
in the U.S.    Anasazi and Mound
Builders
14F. Mound Builders 1. Began settling in
the Midwest Southeast about 2,700
years ago. 2. Name comes from monuments
of earth and dirt that they built.
3. Some mounds were religious, some were
burial sites. 4. Good sources to find
artifacts.
15G. 3 major Mound Building tribes 1.
Adena a. in southern part of West
Virginia Ohio b. Mainly hunter
gatherers c. Disappeared around 500
A.D. 2. Hopewell a. in WV,
OH, IN, IL, IA, MO, WI, MI b.
Farmers c. Disappeared around 500
A.D. 3. Mississippian a.
developed around 700 b. Most advanced
Mound Builders c. Advanced farmers
c. Lived along rivers and had large
permanent villages d. Cahokia
largest village (40,000 people) along the
Illinois River. e.
Mississippians began disappearing around 1500.
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Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
17Adena Criel Mound A 35-foot high and 175-foot
diameter conical mound second largest of its type
in West Virginia discovered numerous skeletons
along with weapons and jewelry.
18Emerald Mound on the Natchez Trace Parkway in
Mississippi. second-largest Pre-Columbian
earthwork in the country measuring 770 by 435
feet at the base and 35 feet in height Underwent
major restorations in the 1950s b/c of erosion
19Monks Mound Cahokia Collinsville, IL Largest
pre-Columbian earthwork http//www.cahokiamounds.
com/
20Cahokia
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Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
21H. Cliff Dwellers 1. Cliff Dwellers
built houses on the walls of canyons and
under the overhangs of caves. 2.
Anasazi a. Lived in present day
Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado,
and Utah from about 100 to 1300.
b. Homes were called Pueblos c.
Pueblos were similar to apartments. Stacked on
top of one another.
d. Disappeared around 1300.
22sight of the cliffs dwellings by outsiders seems
to have first occurred in the latter half of the
1800s
Montezuma County, Colorado
Cliff Palace is thought to be the largest cliff
dwelling in North America
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24Montezuma Castle National Monument, located near
Camp Verde, Arizona
The five-story stone and mortar dwellings contain
20 rooms and once housed about 50 people
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26Todays Cliff/Cave dwellers
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30Utah
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36Arizona The Cave House  MLS   123318 BedroomsÂ
  3 Bathrooms   3    Bisbee, AZ Asking
Price    1,950,000Acres   37.0 thecavehouse.co
m
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44ARKANSAS BED BREAKFAST 1000 PER NIGHT 5 BR
EACH WITH OWN BATH SOME JACUZZI
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49Section 3 The Maya, Aztec, Inca
50MAYA
51Aztec, Inca, Maya
51
Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
52Chapter 2 -- Section 3 A. Maya 1.
began around 2600 B.C. Located in todays
Mexico and Central America (Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras)
2. Master builders 3. Farmers 4.
Rulers and priests lived in cities in large stone
palaces 5. Priests were the most
important people in the city helped
please gods.
53 6. Gods were thought to control sun, rain,
and other forces of nature 7.
Priests studied stars, sky, passage of time, made
accurate maps, developed 2 calendars
(365 day) 8. Were skilled mathematicians
had symbol to represent 0 9.
Developed system of writing hieroglyphs
pictures and symbols, 10. About
year 900 began leaving cities Maybe climate
change, sickness, war. 11. By mid
1500s the Spaniards had taken all Mayan
strongholds
54The ruins of Palenque.
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56Ballcourt at Tikal, Guatemala
57A stucco relief from Palenque
58codices (singular codex) are folding books
inner bark of certain trees, the main being the
wild fig tree
5th century,the same era that the Romans did, but
their paper was more durable and a better writing
surface than papyrus
59Quetzal
60Gold monkey bell
6161
Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
62AZTEC
63Aztec, Inca, Maya
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Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
64- Aztec
- 1. Located in present day Mexico
- 2. Legend led them to build their capital on a
marshy island in Lake Texcoco present day Mexico
City. They named the capital Tenochtitlan (tay
nawch teet lahn), which means Place of the
Prickly Pear Cactus around year 1325 - 3. 3 causeways (raised highways) connected
island capital with - mainland around the lake
- 4. Brought fresh water from mountains by
aqueducts - 5. Built stone pyramids for priests.
- 6. Built empire on trade and conquest.
- 7. Warriors fierce and well trained
65- 8. Conquered people became members of Aztec
- 9. Rigid class system
- Nobles inherited positions
- Government Officials Priests, warriors
- Commoners peasant farmers, and enslaved persons
- Slaves children were born free
- 10. Traveled great distance to trade
- Religion - most sacred god was sun and war gods.
There - were over 1,000 other gods.
- Priests kept history of Aztec gods and events
and were - teachers
- 13. Montezuma II welcomed Spaniards (Cortez)
into city 1520 attacked by Spaniards believed
to be killed by his own people by stoning b/c he
was very pompous emperor
66Interesting Things to Know Believed to have
fled southwestern United States NM, CO, TX
because of devastating storm many can speak
Shoshone language city of Tenochtitlan had
about 60,000 houses and 300,000 residents Huge
pipes carried fresh drinking water from the
mountain zoos 20,000 to 25,000 people visited
the market everyday 50,000 on scheduled market
days Human sacrifice recorded 80,000 killed
in 4 days to dedicate new temple estimated to
sacrifice 250,000 per year nobles probably
practiced cannibalism
67Sculpture commemorating the moment when Aztecs
found the sign from the god Huitzilopochtli.
68The City of Tenochtitlan
69Aztec Sun Stone
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71Ceramic vessel featuring Tlaloc (rain deity)
72Ceramic flute Aztec (circa AD1500)
73An Aztec temple
74INCA
75Aztec, Inca, Maya
75
Chapter 2 (The First Americans)
76C. Inca 1. Lived along Andes Mts.
Through present day Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile 2. Well
organized tribe 3. Conquered others by
peaceful means 4. Capital was Cuzco. Sat
high in the Andes 5. Incan ruler held
great power over the people 6. Farmers
terrace farming, irrigation, raised herds of
llama and alpaca for meat and wool
77- Government owned all food. Most people had to
work on - projects for the government
- 8. One project was road building to connect the
empire - Spanish conquered the Incas in 1529, Pizarro
returned to Spain and received royal approval to
conquer the Inca region and become its viceroy - Spanish takeover was easy b/c of power struggle
for ruler - and smallpox epidemic
- Spaniards literally worked the Incas to death in
the gold and - silver mines
78The Inca were instructed to create a Temple of
the Sun in the spot where the gold staff sank
into the earth, to honor their celestial father.
After a long journey, including a tour of the
underworld, the Inca arrived at Cuzco, where they
built the temple Inca tax collectors would take
the head lice of the lame and old as a symbolic
tribute 10,000 mile long stone covered road
system
79http//encarta.msn.com/media_701765744_761560004_-
1_1/Ruins_of_Machu_Picchu.html
80Macchu Picchu, The Last Stronghold of Inca
Civilization
81http//www.answers.com/topic/inca
82A detail of an Inca stone work
83Inca tunic
84Coca leaves
85Approximately 200 varieties of potatoes were
cultivated by the Incas and their predecessors
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87Intihuatana, the hitching post of the sun, is
possibly the last remaining seasonal sun dials in
Peru. The rest were destroyed by the Spaniards,
who as Catholics, found them to be paganistic.
88One of the main events in the conquest of the
Incan Empire was the death of Atahualpa, the last
Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533
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91In the Inca Empire, artifacts of gold and other
precious metals were associated with nobility,
wealth, and political power. This gold Inca Sun
Mask is held in the Central Bank Museum in Quito,
Ecuador.
92A porter carries a typical Inca aryballoid jar in
this Inca ceramic figure from the 15th or early
16th century. Such jars, typically used to store
food and drink, had a narrow neck and a roughly
spherical base with handles. To carry the jars,
ropes or straps were threaded through the handles
and around ones head or body. Goods were carried
by foot and by pack animals over the empires
vast network of stone roads.