Americans and a World in Crisis

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Americans and a World in Crisis

• 1933-1945

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The United States in a Menacing World

• 1933-1939

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Nationalism and the Good Neighbor Policy

• FDR declares a Good Neighbor policy toward
  Latin America
• Renounce the right to intervene in the affairs of
  another country
• We withdraw from Haiti, Dominican Republic, end
  the Platt Amendment
• Uses economic leverage, not the military

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The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe and Asia

• Benito Mussolini in Italy
• Fascism nationalism above all else
• Suppresses dissent, govt. controls the state
• Adolf Hitler In Germany
• Elected when Germany in depression, blaming the
  Allies
• Brutal dictatorship purifying Germany
• Builds up the military, starts taking territory
• Appeasement In the Munich Pact, Britain and
  France let him take it as long as he promises to
  stop
• Militarists in Japan
• Want to expand Manchuria, then all of China

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The American Mood No More War

• Isolationism focus on economic issues at home,
  not problems in Europe
• Disillusioned by World War I
• Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937
• Outlawed arms sales and loans to nations at war

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The Gathering Storm 1938-1939

• Germany breaks the Munich Pact 6 months later,
  invades Czechoslovakia
• German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
• So Hitler can focus on Poland
• FDR wants to do more to stop Germany
• Asks for 300 million for military spending
• Increases plane and supply production

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America and Jewish Refugees

• Things get worse in Germany for Jews
• Nuremberg Laws
• Kristallnacht
• 500,000 flee Germany Austria
• U.S. refuses to abolish quota system, wont let
  them in
• Turn away the St. Louis
• Anti-Semitism, Depression

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Into the Storm

• 1939-1941

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The European War

• Germany invades Poland, Sept. 1939
• Britain and France declare war on Germany
• Cash-and-Carry policy
• We will let Allies purchase weapons if they pay
  cash, carry them on their own ships
• Germany pushes through all of Western Europe
• Great Britain the only one holding out
• They ask for our help

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From Isolation to Intervention

• Election of 1940
• FDR runs for a third term against Willkie (R)
• People want him to stay in charge with this new
  crisis
• Isolationists America First Committee
• Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh
• Lend-Lease program
• Will lend military supplies to Britain, Soviet
  Union
• Atlantic Charter FDR and Churchill meet
• Agree after the war on self-determination, free
  trade, collective security

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Pearl Harbor

• Japan continues expanding in the Pacific
• U.S. stops selling them fuel, scrap metal
• Japan signs the Tripartite Pact Axis Powers
• Japan takes over most of Southeast Asia
• U.S. bans all trade with Japan, freeze their
  assets in the U.S.
• Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941
• Destroyed much of U.S. fleet
• We are at war

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America Mobilizes for War
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Organizing for Victory

• The military
• FDR creates the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Office of
  Strategic Services (OSS)
• The economy
• War Production Board give out contracts,
  materials
• Companies convert to war production
• National War Labor Board negotiate disputes
  between management and labor
• Office of Price Administration ration products,
  impose price and rent controls
• HUGE economic growth

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The War Economy

• Massive government spending
• 320 billion twice as much as U.S. had spent
  since 1776
• Ended the depression, economy booms
• The sunbelt emerges
• From the Southwest to the Southeast
• Govt. spends money there, creates new jobs,
  industries
• Middle class expands
• Only shift toward greater equality in income
  distribution
• Labor movement grows
• Got big benefits in return for not striking
• Government tries to prevent inflation
• Rationing, price controls, selling war bonds

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Scientific Developments

• Office of Scientific Research and Development
  to create new weapons, medicine
• Radar, sonar, rockets, new bombs
• New plane technology
• Earliest computers
• Better blood transfusions, safer surgeries
• Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb
• First successful test July 16, 1945

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Propaganda and Politics

• Government controls the media
• Delays publishing casualty reports, photos,
  censors letters
• Office of War Information to sell the war
• Show it as a struggle between good and evil
• Politics shifting to the Right
• Congress gets rid of New Deal agencies
• Govt. still playing a huge role in peoples lives

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The Battlefront

• 1942-1944

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Liberating Europe

• Allies agree to focus on Germany first, then
  Japan
• Operation TORCH we attack Germany through North
  Africa instead
• Move up through Italy
• Soviets begin turning Germany back, 1943
• Operation OVERLORD attack through France, push
  back into Germany
• D-Day, June 6, 1944
• Battle of the Bulge

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War in the Pacific

• New type of fighting
• Aircraft carriers planes
• Battle of the Coral Sea
• We stop Japans attack on Australia
• Battle of Midway
• Puts Japan on the defensive
• U.S. starts pushing them back to the Japanese
  mainland

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The Grand Alliance

• FDRs 2 goals
• Win the war with minimum loss to U.S.
• Create a new world order for peace
• Meets with Churchill, Stalin to plan the war,
  what happens after
• Wins the Election of 1944 against Dewey
• Not healthy

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War and American Society
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The Home Front

• Internal migrations
• To the West to work in factories, away from rural
  areas
• Tension there people feel isolated, alone
• Women go to work
• Rosie the Riveter work in war factories
• Many were wives and mothers
• New opportunities jobs, college, military
• Still discrimination, unequal pay
• Forced to give up their jobs when the war is over

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Racism and New Opportunities

• Double V campaign
• Victory over discrimination at home, Axis powers
  abroad
• NAACP membership soars
• CORE founded nonviolent resistance
• A. Philip Randolph calls for a march on
  Washington
• FDR issues Executive Order 8802 outlaws
  discrimination by federal agencies, companies,
  unions in war production
• Military still segregated
• African Americans begin expecting more from the
  government

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War and Diversity

• Native Americans
• Wind talkers in the military
• Others leave reservations to work in war
  factories
• Braceros
• U.S. imports Mexican temporary workers
• Treated badly by employers, deported after the
  war
• Hispanic Americans move from farms to Western
  cities
• Segregated, treated badly

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The Internment of Japanese-Americans

• Japanese American citizens moved to relocation
  centers guarded by the military
• FDR okays it with Executive Order 9066
• Supreme Court upholds it in Korematsu v. U.S.
• Afraid of espionage and sedition
• NO evidence of it
• Japanese lost their property, forced to stay
  until the end of the war

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Triumph and Tragedy

• 1945

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The Yalta Conference

• FDR, Churchill, and Stalin meet
• Stalin makes demands they had suffered the
  most, pushed Germany all the way back
• FDR, Churchill give in
• Stalin will go to war with Japan sometime after
  Germany surrenders
• Unclear on what will happen to Germany
• Vague language on what will happen to countries
  in Eastern Europe
• Agree on the United Nations

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Victory in Europe

• Soviets and Allies marching into Germany from
  both sides
• Hitler commits suicide May 2, 1945
• Germany surrenders May 5, 1945
• FDR dies April 12, 1945
• Harry Truman becomes President
• Takes tough stand on Soviet Union stalls in
  giving them aid, ignores Yalta promises
• Relations with S.U. deteriorate at Potsdam
  Conference

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The Holocaust

• U.S. ignores / downplays the Holocaust until 1942
• Many dont believe it there arent pictures
• U.S. decides best way to end it is to defeat
  Germany
• No direct response to the Holocaust
• After the war, U.S. helps create Israel as a
  homeland for Jews

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The Atomic Bombs

• U.S. pushing Japan back
• Iwo Jima, Okinawa huge casualties for a tiny
  island
• Japanese fight to the death
• Japans military refuses to surrender
• Truman doesnt want to invade Japan
• At Potsdam, Truman warns Japan to surrender or
  face utter destruction
• Drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
• 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki
• By the end of the war, we will attack civilians
• Gives us an advantage over the Soviet Union
• Japan surrenders August 16, 1945