Cellular Evolution and 3G Roadmap'

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Cellular Evolution and 3G Roadmap.
GSM Europe PDC Japan D-AMPS North
America IS-95 North America
GPRS
W-CDMA
GSM
HSDPA
EDGE
HSCSD
UMTS CDMA2000
PDC
PDC
D-AMPS
1X-RTT
EV-DV
IS-95
EV-DO
IS-95B
2G 2.5G 3G 3G 9.6-14 kbps 114-384 kbps
0.384-2 Mbps gt5 Mbps
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Data Rate and Mobility.
Mobility
Vehicle
4G Mobile
3G Mobile
Pedestrian
IEEE802.11a HIPERLAN/2
IEEE802.11g
IEEE802.11b
Stationary
Future high speed RLAN
IEEE802.15.3
Bluetooth
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Data Rate Mbps
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Cellular System Architecture.
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Digital Communication System
Source Coding
Channel Coding
Multiple Access
Mod
TX
Voice Video
CHANNEL
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding
Multiple Access
Demod
RX
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Source Coding.

• Converts analog information signal into digital
  format (bits)
• The goal to transmit info signal with the
  highest possible quality using the least possible
  channel capacity
• 2 classes of speech coder
• Waveform coder to reproduce the time waveform of
  the speech signal
• PCM(64 kbps), DM(32 kbps), ADPCM(32 kbps)
• Vocoder LPC using apriori knowledge about the
  signal
• GSMRPE-LTP (13 kbps), IS-54VSELP (8 kbps),
  IS-95 (9.6 kbps)

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Channel Coding.

• Channel coding protects digital data from errors
  by selectively introducing redundancies in the
  transmitted data
• So given a desired Pe, required Eb/No is reduced,
• or given an achievable Eb/No, Pe is reduced.
• The cost of this goal is more bandwidth
• Two types of channel coding
• Block Codes add parity bits to blocks of message
  bits to make codewords
• Convolutional Codes have a memory property

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Block Codes.

• Block Codes (n,k), ratek/n add k parity bits
  to blocks of message bits to make codewords of n
  bits
• Examples
• Hamming Codes
• CRC Codes
• BCH Codes
• RS Codes

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Convolutional Codes.

• SR contains Lk stages and n linear function
  generator
• Number of output bits for each k bits input data
  sequence is n bits and hence code rate Rk/n
• Parameter Lk is called constraint length

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Interleaver.
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Modulasi
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Modulasi
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• Pada sistem selular pemilihan modulasi
• berdasarkan Power Efficiency dan
• Bandwidth Efficiency.
• Power efficiency The ability a modulation
  technique to preserve the fidelity of the digital
  message at low power levels.
• Bandwidth efficeincy The ability of modulation
  scheme to accomodate data within a limited
  bandwidth.

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• Oleh karena itu teknik modulasi yang sering
  dipergunakan dalam sistem komunikasi baik
  wireline maupun wireless berdasarkan ketiga
  parameter tersebut adalah
• Modulasi pergeseran frekwensi atau frequency
  shift keying (FSK)
• Modulasi pergeseran amplitudo atau amplitude
  shift keying (ASK)
• Modulasi pergeseran fasa atau phase shift keying
  (PSK)

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• Keuntungan dari Digital Modulation pada
• sistem selular
• Greater noise immunity and robustness to channel
  impairments
• Easier multiplexing of various forms informations
  (contoh voice,data dan video)
• Greater security

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• Pemilihan modulasi akan menguntungkan
• Low bit error rates at low received
  signal-to-noise ratios.
• Performs well in multipath and fading conditions
• Occupies a minimum of bandwidth
• Is easy and cost-effective to implement

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Jenis Modulation yg dipergunakan pada sistem
selular

• ANALOG Modulation Selular ( Generasi Pertama)
• Speech Modulation FM
• Signaling Modulation
• - Direct FSK (AMPS, NAMPS,TACS dan
• C-450)
• - Audio FFSK (NMT 450 dan NMT 900)

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• DIGITAL Modulation Selular (Generasi Kedua)
• Type modulation dan signaling modulation
• GMSK (GSM, DCS 1800 dan PCS 1900)
• DQPSK Pi/4 DQPSK (Differensial Quadrature Phase
  Shift Keying) dipergunakan pada sistem D-AMPS,
  IS-54, IS-136, dan Japan PDC
• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) (CDMA ,
  IS-95 (BPSK))
• GFSK (CT-2, DECT,DCS-900)

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• Broadband Wireless ( Generasi Ketiga )
• Data modulation BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
  Keying)
• dipergunakan pada W-CDMA, Forward-QPSK dan
  Reverse-BPSK (CDMA 2000)
• Spreading Complex Orthogonal QPSK (W-CDMA, CDMA
  2000, serta 3G) utk downlink serta BPSK utk
  uplink.
• Generasi ke Empat
• Type modulation
• Standar Europe (ETSI) GMSK (Gausian Minimum
  Shift Keying)
• Nort America (TIA) Pi/4 DPSK (Differensial
  Phase Shift Keying)
• Japan (MPT) Pi/4 DPSK

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Bandwidth vs Power Efficiency.
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Pemilihan Modulasi.
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QPSK.
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PI/4-QPSK.
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MSK.
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GMSK.
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Modulation Schemes BW