Moving Forward in Wireless:

1
Moving Forward in Wireless Emerging Concepts and
Technologies for Beyond-2020 Cellular Networks
Halim Yanikomeroglu Carleton University Ottawa,
Canada
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Carleton University, Ottawa,Canada

• Founded in 1942
• 26,000 students
• Systems Computer Engineering 32 faculty
• Electronics 23 faculty

3
Outline

• 1. Wireless networks
• 2. Generations of cellular technologies
• 3. What we know and what we dont know
• 4. Challenges and opportunities in wireless
• 5. Selected research directions
• 6. Concluding remarks

4
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
Communications
Computing
Alan Turing 1912 1954
Claude Shannon 1916 2001
ICT
5
ICT A Sector That Can Not Be Ignored

• Globally, in the broadest possible sense (based
  on ICT), the telecommunications industry was
  about a 4.7 trillion sector in 2012. (This
  figure includes equipment and related services,
  as well as subscriber revenues and other business
  revenues.) The United States market was about
  1.1 trillion in 2012. These estimates come from
  the Telecommunications Industry Association.
  Telecommunications remains one of the major
  providers of employment in the world, with
  865,300 employees in the U.S. alone.
• http//www.plunkettresearch.com

6
ICT A Sector That Can Not Be Ignored

• Globally, in the broadest possible sense (based
  on ICT), the telecommunications industry was
  about a 4.7 trillion sector in 2012. (This
  figure includes equipment and related services,
  as well as subscriber revenues and other business
  revenues.) The United States market was about
  1.1 trillion in 2012. These estimates come from
  the Telecommunications Industry Association.
  Telecommunications remains one of the major
  providers of employment in the world, with
  865,300 employees in the U.S. alone.
• http//www.plunkettresearch.com
• Global energy industry 5 trillion (2009)
• Global GDP 70 trillion (2011)

7
Number of Days to Reach 1 Million Units Sold
28 (2010)
74
180
300
360
iPod
Blackberry
Netbook
iPhone
iPad
iPad2 (2011) 2 days
8
ICT A Sector That Can Not Be Ignored

• Globally, in the broadest possible sense (based
  on ICT), the telecommunications industry was
  about a 4.7 trillion sector in 2012. (This
  figure includes equipment and related services,
  as well as subscriber revenues and other business
  revenues.) The United States market was about
  1.1 trillion in 2012. These estimates come from
  the Telecommunications Industry Association.
  Telecommunications remains one of the major
  providers of employment in the world, with
  865,300 employees in the U.S. alone.
• http//www.plunkettresearch.com
• Global energy industry 5 trillion (2009)
• Global GDP 70 trillion (2011)
• ICT Already 6.7 of the global GDP
• Will soon become worlds largest industry
  sector by far!

9
ICT (Information Communication Technologies)
ICT
10
ICT ? Wireless
ICT
Wireless
11
ICT ? Wireless ? Cellular
ICT
Wireless
Cellular
12
ICT ? Wireless ? Cellular
ICT
Wireless
Cellular
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Outline

• 1. Wireless networks
• 2. Generations of Cellular Technologies
• 3. What we know and what we dont know
• 4. Challenges and opportunities in wireless
• 5. Selected research directions
• 6. Concluding remarks

14
Mobile phone
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Mobile phone ? Cell phone
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Mobile phone ? Cell phone ? Smart phone ? Tablets
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Fast forward
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Direction 1 Highly Capable Terminals
19
Direction 2 IoT Integration of Physical and
Digital Worlds
Source T. Norp (TNO/KPN) presentation at ETSI
M2M Workshop, 19-20 Oct 2010
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Cellular Generations A Birds-Eye View
standards
?
?
Mobile device for everything
Gbps
Mbps
Mbps
kbps
kbps
AMPS
AMPS
bps
bps
Source Huawei
Time
2010
2000
1990
1980
2020
21
Cellular Generations A More Detailed Look
1G AMPS, 1983 2G GSM, 1991
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Cellular Generations A More Detailed Look
1G AMPS, 1983 2G GSM, 1991
R8
R9
R10
R11
R5
R6
R7
R99
R4
2011
2010
2009
2006
2012
2008
2007
2005
2004
2003
2013
2002
2001
2000
3GPP Platform (3GPP2, IEEE, )
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Cellular Generations A More Detailed Look
1G AMPS, 1983 2G GSM, 1991
R8
R9
R10
R11
R5
R6
R7
R99
R4
2011
2010
2009
2006
2012
2008
2007
2005
2004
2003
2013
2002
2001
2000
LTE
LTE Adv
HSPA
HSPA DL
HSPA UL
UMTS
3GPP Platform (3GPP2, IEEE, )
24
Cellular Generations A More Detailed Look
1G AMPS, 1983 2G GSM, 1991
ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter
ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter
R8
R9
R10
R11
R5
R6
R7
R99
R4
2011
2010
2009
2006
2012
2008
2007
2005
2004
2003
2013
2002
2001
2000
LTE
LTE Adv
HSPA
HSPA DL
HSPA UL
UMTS
3GPP Platform (3GPP2, IEEE, )
25
Cellular Generations A More Detailed Look
1G AMPS, 1983 2G GSM, 1991
ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter
ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter
3G IMT-2000 compliant
4G IMT-Advanced compliant
R8
R9
R10
R11
R5
R6
R7
R99
R4
2011
2010
2009
2006
2012
2008
2007
2005
2004
2003
2013
2002
2001
2000
LTE
LTE Adv
HSPA
HSPA DL
HSPA UL
UMTS
3GPP Platform (3GPP2, IEEE, )
26
Cellular Generations A More Detailed Look
1G AMPS, 1983 2G GSM, 1991
ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter
ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter
3G IMT-2000 compliant
4G IMT-Advanced compliant
R8
R9
R10
R11
R5
R6
R7
R99
R4
2011
2010
2009
2006
2012
2008
2007
2005
2004
2003
2013
2002
2001
2000
LTE
LTE Adv
HSPA
HSPA DL
HSPA UL
UMTS

• Release 12 Time Plan
• Stage 1 freeze Mar 2013
• Stage 2 freeze Dec 2013
• Stage 3 freeze Jun 2014

3GPP Platform (3GPP2, IEEE, )
27
Roadmap towards 5G

• R8 LTE, R9, R10 LTE-A (2011)

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Key Technologies for LTE/LTE-Advanced (R8, R9,
R10)

• OFDM
• MIMO
• Spectrum aggregation
• HetNet, Relay to be matured
• CoMP (coordinated multipoint) moved to R11
• ? A number of LTE/LTE-A technologies are ahead of
  their time

29
Roadmap towards 5G

• R8 LTE, R9, R10 LTE-A (2011)
• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13
  clean-up new tech

30
Roadmap towards 5G

• R8 LTE, R9, R10 LTE-A (2011)
• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13
• EU Framework Program 7 Call 8 projects (2012
  2015) METIS, ...
• EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014
  2020)

31
Roadmap towards 5G

• R8 LTE, R9, R10 LTE-A (2011)
• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13
• EU Framework Program 7 Call 8 projects (2012
  2015) METIS, ...
• EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014
  2020)
• ITU WRC 2015

32
Roadmap towards 5G

• R8 LTE, R9, R10 LTE-A (2011)
• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13
• EU Framework Program 7 Call 8 projects (2012
  2015) METIS, ...
• EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014
  2020)
• ITU WRC 2015
• ITU circular letter IMT-2020
• 5G

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Roadmap towards 5G

• R8 LTE, R9, R10 LTE-A (2011)
• R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13
• EU Framework Program 7 Call 8 projects (2012
  2015) METIS, ...
• EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014
  2020)
• ITU WRC 2015
• ITU circular letter IMT-2020
• 5G
• Beyond

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Time Scales

• Near-term Towards 2020 (4G evolution)
• Middle-term Around 2020 (5G)
• Long-term Beyond 2020 (5G evolution)

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Outline

• 1. Wireless networks
• 2. Generations of cellular technologies
• 3. What we know and what we dont know
• 4. Challenges and opportunities in wireless
• 5. Several research directions
• 6. Concluding remarks

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Vast Knowledge and Expertise

• Electromagnetism 140 years

James Clerk Maxwell 1831 1879
Heinrich Hertz 1857 1894
Michael Faraday 1791 1867
Joseph Henry 1797 1878
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Vast Knowledge and Expertise
Wireless 110 years
Alexander Popov 1859 1906
Nikola Tesla 1856 1943
Reginald Fessenden 1866 1932
Guglielmo Marconi 1874 1937
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Vast Knowledge and Expertise
Information Theory and Digital Communications
80 years
Ralph V.L. Hartley 1888 1970
Harry Nyquist 1889 1976
Norbert Wiener 1894 1964
Claude Shannon 1916 2001
Gerard Joseph Foschini 1940
Emre Telatar 1964
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Vast Knowledge and Expertise
Mobile/Cellular 40 years
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Network Capacity (Total Network Rate) What We
Know What We Dont Know Does What We Dont
Know Matter Much?
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What We Know

• Point-to-point (BS UE) link capacity

• BS capacity
• Bandwidth W
• Min of antennas n

RBS n x W x log(SNR)
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What We Know

• Point-to-point (BS UE) link capacity

• BS capacity
• Bandwidth W
• Min of antennas n
• Special case of point-to-multipoint
• Orthogonal multiple access or multiplexing

RBS n x W x log(SNR)
RBS n x W x log(SNR)
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What We Know

• Transmission schemes achieving the capacity
  region
• GBC Dirty paper coding
• GMAC Successive interference cancellation
  (SIC)

44
What We Know

• Orthogonal capacity of non-cooperative
• cellular network
• of APs K

Rnetwork K x n x W x log(SNR)
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Peak Rates

• More bandwidth, more MIMO, more spectral
  efficiency (received power)
• Indoors Can increase towards Tbps
• Ex 1 n 16, W 250 MHz, log(SNR) 10 ?
  40 Gbps
• Ex 2 n 100, W 8 GHz, log(SNR) 15 ?
  12 Tbps
• Enablers
• Higher frequencies, millimeter wave, THz, light
  ? huge bandwidth
• Short wavelength ? massive MIMO
• Pencil beams ? interference rejection, high
  spectral efficiency
• Outdoors More difficult to increase beyond Gbps
  
• More APs (small cells)

Network Capacity
46
What We Dont Know

• Capacity of general interference channel (ad hoc
  networks) unknown
• Information theory can help here

47
Summary of What We Know

• Fundamental dynamics are well known (unlike basic
  science)
• Competing standards have similar features (unlike
  competing theories)
• Ex LTE-A and 802.16m
• One common message in all 4G white papers
• 1) More spectrum
• 2) Higher spectral efficiency
• 3) More APs

48
Summary of What We Know

• Fundamental dynamics are well known (unlike basic
  science)
• Competing standards have similar features (unlike
  competing theories)
• Ex LTE-A and 802.16m
• One common message in all 4G white papers
• 1) More spectrum
• 2) Higher spectral efficiency
• 3) More APs
• Is there anything new in wireless?

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Outline

• 1. Wireless networks
• 2. Generations of cellular technologies
• 3. What we know and what we dont know
• 4. Challenges and opportunities in wireless
• 5. Several research directions
• 6. Concluding remarks

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Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
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Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
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Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
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Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
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Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
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Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
Challenge 3 Nobody wants to pay for it!
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Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
Challenge 3 Nobody wants to pay for it!
Challenge 4 Novel services and applications

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Next 10-20 Years Surge of Novel Cellular
Applications
Advances in battery, display, software

• Audio, video, haptics
• Monitoring through networked sensors
• MTC (machine-type communications), M2M
  (machine-to-machine)
• Internet of things
• Embedded, seamless

Huge number of highly capable devices
58
Next 10-20 Years Surge of Novel Cellular
Applications
Advances in battery, display, software

• Audio, video, haptics
• Monitoring through networked sensors
• MTC (machine-type communications), M2M
  (machine-to-machine)
• Internet of things
• Embedded, seamless
• ? Very many applications in many different
  sectors
• Entertainment
• Education, learning, training, autodidactism
• Environment
• Security, surveillance
• ITS (intelligent transportation systems)
• Healthcare
• Smart grid

Huge number of highly capable devices
Many of such applications can be realized with
cellular
Great momentum
59
Next 10-20 Years Surge of Novel Cellular
Applications
Advances in battery, display, software

• Audio, video, haptics
• Monitoring through networked sensors
• MTC (machine-type communications), M2M
  (machine-to-machine)
• Internet of things
• Embedded, seamless
• ? Very many applications in many different
  sectors
• Entertainment
• Education, learning, training, autodidactism
• Environment
• Security, surveillance
• ITS (intelligent transportation systems)
• Healthcare
• Smart grid

Huge number of highly capable devices
Many of such applications can be realized with
cellular
Great momentum
Cellular likely to remain strong for a long
time
60
Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
Challenge 3 Nobody wants to pay for it!
rate

• Challenge 4 Novel services and applications
• new QoS requirements
• more differentiation

latency
reliability
61
Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
Challenge 3 Nobody wants to pay for it!
rate
security
energy efficiency

• Challenge 4 Novel services and applications
• new QoS requirements
• more differentiation

latency
cost
reliability
62
Challenge 2 Extremely variable traffic
Challenge 1 Extremely high traffic
Challenge 3 Nobody wants to pay for it!

• Challenge 4 Novel services and applications
• new QoS requirements
• more differentiation

Challenge 5 Complex user
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Diversification of Applications and Scenarios

• Old Cellular
• unimodal ? Optimized for one application in one
  scenario
• Voice, outdoor, high power, mobile

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Diversification of Applications and Scenarios

• Old Cellular
• unimodal ? Optimized for one application in one
  scenario
• Voice, outdoor, high power, mobile
• New Cellular
• multimodal ? Will have to be optimized for
  various applications in various scenarios
• Voice, video, haptics, 3D,
• Outdoors, indoors
• Centralized, distributed/autonomous
• Scheduled, contention-based
• Human operated, MTC

65
Shift in Emphasis Level 1

• Increasing the peak rate L1 research (ITCOM,
  last 60 years)
• ?
• Increasing the average rate cell-edge rate
  L2 research

66
Shift in Emphasis Level 2

• Increasing the peak rate L1 research (ITCOM,
  last 60 years)
• ?
• Increasing the average rate cell-edge rate
  L2 research
• ?
• Making close-to-peak rates available throughout
  the network irrespective of user locations and
  traffic variations (as much as possible)
• ? ubiquitous ultra-broadband connectivity

67
Shift in Emphasis Level 3

• Increasing the peak rate L1 research (ITCOM,
  last 60 years)
• ?
• Increasing the average rate cell-edge rate
  L2 research
• ?
• Making close-to-peak rates available throughout
  the network irrespective of user locations and
  traffic variations (as much as possible)
• ? ubiquitous ultra-broadband connectivity
• ?
• Enabling various applications (? various QoS
  vectors) in various scenarios

68
Shift in Emphasis Level 3

• Increasing the peak rate L1 research (ITCOM,
  last 60 years)
• ?
• Increasing the average rate cell-edge rate
  L2 research
• ?
• Making close-to-peak rates available throughout
  the network irrespective of user locations and
  traffic variations (as much as possible)
• ? ubiquitous ultra-broadband connectivity
• ?
• Enabling various applications (? various QoS
  vectors) in various scenarios
• Unprecedented implications

69
Outline

• 1. Wireless networks
• 2. Generations of cellular technologies
• 3. What we know and what we dont know
• 4. Challenges and opportunities in wireless
• 5. Selected research directions
• 6. Concluding remarks

70
Part II Selected Research Directions

• D1 Thoughts on 5G PHY
• D2 Non-Coherent Communications
• D3 New Frontiers in Resource Allocation
• D4 Steerable Beamforming at the Terminal RM
• D5 Uplink Distributed Multi-Channel
  Multiple-Access in Cellular
• D6 Intercell Load Coordination (ICLC) for
  Non-Uniform Traffic
• D7 Interdisciplinary Approaches in Decision
  Making
• D8 Cell Switching Off in Dense Small Cell
  Deployment RRM
• D9 Robust Algorithms and Protocols
• D10 Layer 8 User-in-the-Loop (Demand Shaping
  in Space and Time)