Regents Review

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Regents Review

• Genetic Continuity

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Heredity

• The passing of genetic information from one
  generation to the next through reproduction.

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Largest ? Smallest

• Cell ? Nucleus ? Chromosome ? Gene ? DNA

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Chromosome

• Found in all cells, contain genes.
• 46 chromosome in human body cell, 23 in sex cells.

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Gene

• Contains a piece of material (DNA) that codes for
  a specific trait (eye color etc)

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DNA

• The hereditary info of all living organisms.
• Codes for proteins!

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DNA Structure

• Subunit Nucleotide
• 1. A sugar (ribose)
• 2. A phosphate group
• 3. A nitrogenous base (A-T, C-G)

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DNA Structure

• Bond bases held together by weak H bonds (easy
  to pull aparta good thing)

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DNA Structure

• Double Helix twisted ladder structure of DNA

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Methods of Reproduction
Binary Fission
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Asexual

• Involves 1 parent (often single-celled) producing
  offspring.
• Adv Huge pop quickly
• Disadv Little genetic diversity (clones)
• Type of Division Mitosis

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Sexual

• 2 parents required to produce offspring (sperm
  and egg).
• Adv Genetic diversity
• DisAdv Slow process
• Type of Division Meiosis of gametes (sex cells)

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• Clone organism who has identical genetic info
  as parent
• Sperm sex cells produced by male
• Egg sex cells produced by female

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Genetic Recombination

• When sperm and egg come together to form a
  zygote, their chromosomes (23 23 46) combine
  to form a unique set of genetic instructions.
• This is why you might look a lot like mom or dad,
  or have no resemblance whatsoever.

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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication

• DNA unzips and each strand becomes a
  template.results in 2 DNA strands whose base
  pair sequences are exactly alike.
• Replication allows cells to create identical
  copies of themselves (mitosis).
• Template patternsingle strand of DNA

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Proteins and Cell Functioning

• Protein molecules formed from long chains of 20
  kinds of amino acids

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Proteins and Cell Functioning

• Traits many physical characteristics of an
  organism are connected to protein (ex. hair
  texture)

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Proteins and Cell Functioning

• What makes proteins different?
• Answer Number and arrangement of 20 different
  amino acids changes the shape of the protein.

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Types of Proteins

• Hormones, Enzymes, component of Cell Membrane,
  Antibodies, Pigment

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Shape

• Shape of protein determines function. If you
  mess with the shape, the protein may not function
  properly.

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What do proteins have to do with genetics?

• DNA carries the code for protein production!!!

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Protein Synthesis

• DNA is read by special enzyme and message is
  copied by mRNA
• mRNA moves to cytoplasm to find a ribosome
• With the aid of tRNA and the ribosome, the
  message from mRNA is transferred to a specific
  amino acid
• When aas are linked, a protein is formed

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Mutations

• Causes
• Toxic Sewage?
• Maybe.

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Mutations

• Causes Age (Spontaneous)
• UV, Gamma, X-Ray Radiation
• Certain Chemicals

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Mutations

• What happens to proteins coded for by mutated
  DNA?
• Change in DNA likely changes sequence of amino
  acids in proteins, leads to different folding,
  and most likely the protein will malfunction.

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Mutations

• How does this effect the organism?
• Can kill the cell, or pass on mutated DNA to
  every cell that it replicates into
• Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia

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Types of Mutation

• Substitution 1 base switched with another
• Deletion 1 base deleted out of code
• Addition 1 base added to code
• Inversion a gene switches position w/ another

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What do mutations do for evolution?

• Mutation causes variation in a population, which
  is necessary for change (evolution) to take
  place!!

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Biodiversity?

• Small changes in genetic code allow organisms to
  differentiate from a common ancestor, creating
  the wealth of different species we see today.

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DNA and Individuality

• Gene Expression the way in which genes are
  revealed in an organism
• Ex. Eye color
• (polygenic)

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DNA and Individuality

• How does the internal environment effect gene
  expression?
• Chemical signals can trigger a particular gene
  (ex. Hormones)can lead to production of a
  particular protein

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DNA and Individuality

• How does the external environment effect gene
  expression?
• Environmental factors can influence how genes are
  expressed.
• Ex. Himalayan Rabbit fur color, Twins

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Genetic Engineering

• Biotechnology application of technology to
  biological science

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Genetic Engineering

• Selective Breeding breed organisms with desired
  traits (used in domestic animals, cattle, crops)

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Genetic Engineering

• Why do we bother???
• More food
• Faster horses
• Prettier animals
• Remember.humans use to selectively breed
  (inbreeding Royalty)

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Gene Manipulation

• Plants and animals have been engineered by
  manipulating their DNA.
• Transformation
• specific enzyme cuts bacteria DNA at specific
  spot
• human gene is inserted and attached to bacterial
  DNA
• bacteria produces protein coded by inserted human
  gene
• Ex. Human insulin production in bacteria

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Gene Manipulation

• Why is this a beneficial process?
• Produce large quantities of a substance at low
  cost! (bacteria are cheap)

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Gene Manipulation

• Restriction enzymes enzymes that cut DNA at
  specific spots
• Important in gel electrophoresis.

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Gene Manipulation

• Gel Electrophoresis - a fingerprint of DNA is
  creates using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at
  specific spotscreating different sized fragments
• Purpose used in paternity cases
• solve crimes

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