Chapter 8 Immigration

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Chapter 8Immigration

• Many people moved to the United States about 100
  years ago. In the late 1800s, millions of people
  moved to cities and built the first tall
  buildings and established a way of life. In the
  early 1900s, people called progressives wanted
  to fix what they thought was wrong with our
  country and make it a better life for all.

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Arriving in America

• Millions of immigrants moved to the United States
  in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
• Most immigrants came from southern or eastern
  Europe, and others came from Italy, Asia, and
  Mexico.
• Immigrants came to America looking for work. They
  also came to escape war or persecution.
• Persecution is unfair treatment or punishment.
• Most immigrants found greater political freedom
  here in the States.

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• European Immigrants

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Immigration Stations

• Immigrants that arrived in the U.S. went through
  immigration stations, such as Ellis Island in New
  York Harbor.
• Government workers at the stations asked
  newcomers about where they planned to live and
  work.
• Doctors examined the immigrants to be sure they
  didnt have any diseases that could spread to
  others.
• Almost all European immigrants who came to the
  U.S. were allowed to enter.

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Asian Immigrants

• Chinese immigrants first arrived on the West
  Coast in the 1850s.
• They went through immigration stations like Angel
  Island in San Francisco Bay.
• They faced more prejudice than European
  immigrants.
• Many had to stay on the island for weeks, months,
  or years before being allowed to enter the U.S.
• About 25 were forced to return to their home
  countries.

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Inventions

• Arrival at Ellis Island

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Big Business

• Detainees at Angel Island

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Living in a new country

• Many immigrants moved to large cities and worked
  in factories.
• Most immigrants settled near family or friends.
• In some cities whole neighborhoods were made up
  of a single ethnic group.
• An ethnic group is a group of people who share a
  culture or language.

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Living in a new country

• Immigrants lives were not easy.
• Some worked in dangerous steel mills, jobs were
  very noisy, and the factories were dirty where
  they sewed clothing or made thread.
• They worked long hours for low pay, making so
  little money they could barely buy food for
  themselves or their families.
• Many lived in tenements which was a poorly build
  apartment building.
• They were crowded and unsafe.
• Most had no windows or running water and several
  families might live in one small apartment.

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Laws against immigration

• In 1882, Congress limited immigration by passing
  the Chinese Exclusion Act.
• This law excluded, or kept out, almost all new
  Chinese immigrants.
• In 1921 and 1924, Congress passed laws that
  greatly lowered the number of Europeans allowed
  into the U.S.

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Laws against immigration

• Laws made it hard for immigrants to enter the
  U.S., and they faced prejudice when they arrived.
• Immigrants overcame these hardships and helped
  the U.S. become one of the richest and
  fastest-growing countries in the world.
• They helped build railroads, dug mines, and
  worked in factories.

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John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil

• Congested Immigrant Neighborhood

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Growing Cities

• Lesson 3

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Monopoly

• Cities in the U.S. grew quickly in the late
  1800s and early 1900s.
• Most of the millions of immigrants lived and
  worked in the city.
• Fewer farm workers were needed after new machines
  increased productivity on farms.
• Cities in both the north and the south
  specialized in making goods using the resources
  in their area.
• Better transportation made this specialization
  possible.
• Railroads and canals made it easy to ship raw
  materials and finished goods into and out of
  cities.

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Chicago booms

• Chicago grew quickly because of its location near
  transportation routes, natural resources, and
  Lake Michigan.
• Factories in Chicago cut logs into lumber.
• Mills turned wheat and corn into food.
• Stockyards held thousands of animals.
• A stockyard is a fenced area where large numbers
  of animals, such as pigs and cattle, are kept
  until they are used as food or moved to another
  place.
• Many people moved to Chicago to find jobs.

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Changes in cities

• Technology allowed cities to grow, but crowding
  caused problems.
• The first skyscraper in the U.S. was built in
  Chicago in 1885.
• A skyscraper is a very tall building with strong
  steel frames that towers over city streets.
• The growth of the steel industry made skyscrapers
  possible. Structures with steel frames could be
  taller than buildings with heavy iron or brick
  frames.

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Changes in cities

• Electricity powered rapid transit vehicles, such
  as streetcars and subways.
• Rapid transit is a system of trains used to move
  people around cities.
• Rapid transit moved large numbers of people
  faster than ever before.
• Those who could not find good housing lived in
  slums.
• A slum is a poor, crowded part of a city.
  Buildings in slums were built quickly and
  cheaply.
• Tenements were in slums and could catch fire
  easily, and many had no fire escapes.

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Helping each other

• Settlements were put into place to help
  immigrants.
• A settlement house is a community center for
  people in cities.
• They settlement houses provided English
  instruction, medical care, and assistance in
  finding a job.
• Also, there were clubs for girls and boys and
  working mothers could leave their babies in the
  nursery.

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Labor Union

• Rooftops of a tenement building

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• The inside of an Immigrant home

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• B
• Because conditions were unsanitary in most
  immigrant homes, children were given baths in
  settlement houses.

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• Tenement Building

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Time of Reform

• Lesson 4

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The Progressives

• Progressives tried to improve life in the U.S.
• Factories dumped dirt and poisons into city
  water.
• Smokestacks blew soot and smoke into the city
  air.
• People who lived near factories got sick from
  drinking dirty water and breathing dirty air.
• Progressives wanted to make cities and factories
  cleaner and safer.
• Progressives were reformers.
• They did not always agree with one another, but
  most thought governments should make laws to
  protect workers, consumers, and citizens rights.

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Making changes

• Progressives who wrote about the need for change
  were called muckrakers.
• Muck is something dirty or unpleasant.
• A muckraker is someone who rakes up, or points
  out, unpleasant truths.
• President Theodore Roosevelt worked with Congress
  to pass two laws in 1906 to make food safer.
• The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
  Inspection Act stated that medicine in foods had
  to be made without harmful chemicals .
• The factories where these products were made had
  to be clean.

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Constitutional Amendments

• 16th amendment Allowed congress to pass an
  income tax. Why? Progressives said that people
  who earned more money should pay more of the
  governments costs.
• 17th amendment allowed citizens to elect
  senators. Why? Progressives said that voters
  should choose their lawmakers.
• 18th amendment made it against the law to make
  or sell alcoholic beverages. Why? Progressives
  said that it would reduce violence and crime
  thought to be caused by alcohol.
• 19 amendment recognized the right of women aged
  21 or older to vote. Why? Progressives though
  women should be allowed to vote.

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• Children working in a factory

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Voting rights for women and racial equality

• Women first called for the right to vote before
  the Civil War began.
• Womens suffrage movement was a movement where
  women gave speeches, wrote letters, and even
  marched in protest for their right to vote.
• In the early 1900s, African Americans faced
  prejudice when they applied for jobs or tried to
  rent or buy homes.
• The NAACP (National Association for the
  Advancement of Colored People) was founded in
  1909 to work for equality for African Americans.

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Racial equality

• W.E.B. Du Bois was a leader of the NAACP.
• He was an African American writer and professor.
• His writings on African American life helped
  persuade many Americans that change was needed.
• Booker T. Washington was another leader who
  started a school to educate and give job
  training to southern African Americans.
• In the early 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan, the groups
  that attacked African Americans, grew larger.

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The Great migration

• Between 1910 and 1930, about 1.5 million African
  Americans left the rural South.
• They went North to work in large factories and
  businesses.
• This became known as The Great Migration.