National Security Policy in the PostCold War Era

1
National Security Policy in the Post-Cold War Era

• Lesson 4
• The Strategic Level of War

2
Intelligence and Policy

• Points to remember
• National strategy and Strategic Intelligence
• Limitations of Intel communitys support
• Strategic warning
• Strategic warning success
• Joint approach to Intelligence needed

3
Educational Objectives

• The interplay between the NSS, NMS and JV2010
• The relationship between national interests and
  national strategies
• The potential and actual pursuit of national
  interests
• The potential or actual use of force

4
Background

• Definitions
• Strategy
• NSS
• NMS
• Policy

• QDR (97)
• JV2010
• RBA
• 2 MTW

5
Historical Context

• Post WWII
• NSA of 1947
• The end of the Cold War
• Post Cold War Era

6
The process of strategizing

• The planner
• Identifies national interests
• Assesses interference
• Forges
• a strategy to employ DIME
• A budget

7
Influences on strategy

• Geography
• History
• Nature of political regime
• Religion
• Ideology

• Culture
• Political institution
• Military institutions
• Economic factors
• Technology

8
The Theoretical Process
Risk
Interests
Resources
(Ends)
Strategy
(Ways)
Resources
Capabilities Forces
(Means)
9
National Interests

• Vital
• Peripheral
• Survival
• Important

10
The Theoretical Process
National Interests
National Objectives
National Policy
National Strategy
Objectives
11
The Real Process
Resources
Strategy
Domestic policies
12
NSS 97

• Objectives
• Enhance security with D M
• Bolster economic security
• Promote democracy abroad

13
National Military Strategy

• Difficulties formulating
• Threat
• Resources
• Time
• Vested issues
• NSS

14
The National Military Strategy

• First in 1992
• Changed
• From containment to engagement
• From threat-based to interests-and-capabilities
  based strategy
• Process focused on
• Deterring war
• Waging war if deterrence failed

15
NMS 1992

• A regional war-fighting strategy
• Foundations
• Base Force structure
• Criticism

16
NSS 1994

• Engagement and enlargement
• NMS 1994
• BUR
• Criticism

17
NMS 1995

• Based on BUR
• NSS of selective engagement
• 2 MRCs
• Emphasized OOTW
• Basic elements

18
NMS 1995

• Basic elements
• Peacetime engagement
• Conflict prevention
• Fighting to win
• Basis

19
NMS 1995

• Criticism
• A series of mismatches
• Policy and strategy
• Strategy and force
• Budget and force
• Combination of the above

20
NMS 1996

• Engagement and enlargement
• No major revision

21
NSS 1997

• Core objectives
• Enhance security with D M
• Bolster economic security
• Promote democracy abroad

22
NSS 1997

• Threats
• Regional
• Transnational
• WMD

23
NSS 1997

• Strategic Priorities
• Foster.
• Forge.
• Build
• Keep..
• Increase cooperation.
• Strengthen D M.

24
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

25
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

• Vital
• Important
• Humanitarian

26
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

• Promote peace, stability
• Defeat adversaries

27
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

• Global shaping
• Global response
• Global preparedness

28
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

• Shape
• Respond
• Prepare now

29
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

30
NMS 1997

• National Interests
• Objectives
• Three principles
• Elements
• Based on the QDR 97
• Strategic Concepts

• Strategic agility
• Overseas presence
• Power projection
• Decisive force

31
QDR 1997

• Debate between
• Traditionalists
• Strategic monists
• Technophiles
• Goals

32
QDR 2001

• Goals
• Forward deterrence
• Asymmetric threats
• Homeland security

33
Joint Vision 2001

• A template
• Operational concepts
• Information superiority
• Dominant maneuver
• Precision engagement
• Focused logistics
• Major requirement
• Criticism

34
Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986

• Reasons for
• Changes

35
Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986

• Reasons for
• Changes

• Influence
• Increased combatant cmdrs
• Decreased service chiefs
• CJCS as principal advisor
• Revised education and promotion
• Combatant cmdrs role in PBBS
• Created VCJS
• JROC

36
Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986

• Reorganize DOD
• Improve military advice to CINC
• Combatant commanders
• Formulation of strategy
• Joint assignments
• Enhance effectiveness of mil ops

• Reasons for
• Changes

37
Major question

• When and how to use force?
• Weinberger Nov 84
• Powell 91
• Aspin
• GWB 01

38
Issues for Consideration

• Evaluation of the material
• U.S. national interests
• Interests and Objectives
• Vital Interests
• Weinberger and Powell Doctrines
• Key elements of NMS
• Regionalism and Globalism
• Difficulties in Formulating Strategy
• Goldwater-Nichols

39
Evaluation of the material

• Comprehend the basic elements of
• NSS
• NMS
• Correlation of ends, ways and means
• Analyze and assess new directions

40
U.S. national interests

• What are they?
• National Interests
• How differ from national objectives?

41
Interests and Objectives

• Vital v important?
• Examples
• Vital v peripheral

42
Vital Interests
43
Weinberger and Powell Doctrines

• Weinberger
• Vital interests
• Clear
• Intention to win
• Military and political objectives
• Force
• Support
• Last resort

• Powell
• Force as last resort
• Clear military objective
• Achievable military objectives
• Overwhelming force

44
Key elements of NMS

• 1995
• Peacetime engagement
• Conflict prevention
• Fighting to win

• 1997
• New focus
• Global shaping
• Global response
• Global Preparedness

45
Regionalism and Globalism

• How has regionalism replaced globalism?
• Overseas presence, power projection
• Strategic agility
• 2 MRCs

46
Difficulties in Formulating Strategy

• Threat
• Resources
• Time
• Vested interests
• NSS

47
Goldwater-Nichols

• Reasons for?
• Changes?

48
Points to remember

• Regional vice global focus
• G-N requirement
• National interests v objectives
• National Interests in NSS 97
• Intensity of national interests
• Powells additions to Weinberger Doctrine
• CJCS and chain of command