Army Space Policy

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Army Space Policy History, Organization, and
Future
Craig S. Roseberry
06 August 2004
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Agenda
Historical Development of Military Space
Policy   Eisenhower Administration Kennedy
Administration Johnson Administration Nixon
and Ford Administration Carter
Administration Reagan Administration Clinton
Administration   National and Military Space
Policy   Army Space Organizations   Army
Space Mission Areas   Conflict Conclusions and
Recommendations
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History of Army Space
US ARMY FIRST IN SPACE Army Ballistic
Missile Agency Explorer I Launch January 31,
1958
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National Space Policy
SPUTNIK I LAUNCH October 04, 1957 No National
Space Policy No National Military Space
Policy National Surprise Political Firestorm
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Eisenhower
SPUTNIK I LAUNCH Political Firestorm Developmen
t of National Space Policy March 26, 1958
Development of Space Technology and maintenance
of national prestige are important for the
defense of the United States National
Aeronautics Space Act of 1958 Creation of NASA
separated civilian and military space
programs Army lost ABMA NSC 5918, US Policy on
Outer Space Open Skies Concept Need for Recon,
Early Warning, and Commo
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Kennedy
Lunar Mission Legacy Political
Need Development of National Military Space
Policy still lacking May 1960 Gary Powers Shoot
Down NASA Reliance upon Manned Civil
Missions Directed USAF as lead for all DoD Space
Projects
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Johnson
Lunar Mission Legacy Political Need Great
Society Programs Vietnam War Constraints Lasting
Conventions Outer Space Treaty Astronaut Rescue
and Return Agreement Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Nixon
Lunar Mission Legacy What Next? Space Station
Earth Resource Programs Commo and Wx US/Soviet
Cooperation in Space Lasting Conventions National
Technical Means of Verification spurs military
support missions, overhead reconnaissance,
communications and early warning use of space.
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Carter
Ends Blackout on Photo Recon from Space Focuses
Space on National Security Presidential
Directive 37 Restrict weapons in space, but
realizes the importance of space systems to
national survival. Starts development of
anti-satellite capabilities. Sees space as a
war-fighting medium.
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Reagan
STAR WARS STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE
(NSDD-85, March 25, 1983) Vast Influx of Money
to Military Space Created Air Force Space Command
21 June 1982 Defense Guidance Plan calls for
exploiting space for offensive as well as defense
purposes
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Clinton
GPS Selective Availability Service
Disabled Focus on Economic Implications of
Space Notice National Security Issue of
Space Developed Current National Space Policy
(1996)
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National Space Policy- September 19, 1996

• The key points for military in the U.S. space
  policy
• The Department of Defense shall maintain
  capability to execute mission areas of space
  support, force enhancement, space control, and
  force application.
• Consistent with Treaty obligations, the United
  States will develop, operate, and maintain space
  control capabilities to ensure freedom of action,
  and if directed, deny such freedom of action to
  adversaries.
• Pursue a ballistic missile defense program to
  provide for enhanced theatre missile defense
  capability and long-range ballistic missile
  threat to the United States
• This policy does not prohibit the use of weapons
  in space

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Space Commission Report- January 11, 2001

• Directed from the National Space Policy to study
  National Security Issues and Space
• Describes the US as an attractive candidate for
  a Space Pearl Harbor
• The present extent of US dependence on space,
  the rapid pace at which this dependence is
  increasing and the vulnerabilities it creates,
  all demand that US national security space
  interests be recognized as a top national
  security priority.
• Directs the Development of a Space Cadre in all
  the military services

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DoD Space Policy January 9, 1999
Space is a medium like the land, sea, and air
within which military activities shall be
conducted to achieve US national security
objectives. The primary DoD goal for space and
space-related activities is to provide
operational space force capabilities to ensure
that the US has the space power to achieve its
national security objectives. Defines the
military space mission areas Space
Support Force Enhancement Space Control Force
Application
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Army Space Organizations
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National Level Agents for Space
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Department of Defense Space Policy Program Offices
DoD Executive Agent for Space Undersecretary of
the Air Force
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US Army Space Within the DoD
Combatant Commander Relationship for
funding Commander, Space and Missile Defense
Command Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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US Army Space and Missile Defense Command
The major organization for deploying Army Space
Assets as well as major Army research efforts.
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US Army Space Mission Areas
Position/Navigation/GPS Space/Weather Intelligence
/Surveillance/Reconnaissance Early
Warning Satellite Communications
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Conflict
Executive Agent is Air Force Priorities of
resources and funding Air Force 86 of 165
billion from 2002-2007 Army 8 National
Security Space Institute is created to
consolidate DoD strategic planning for space and
to leverage all national space assets across all
services
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Conflict
Command and Control of Deployed Forces Joint
Forces commander may designate a Space
Coordination Authority. Past conflicts have
shown the choice is the Joint Forces Air
Component Commander based upon USAF Space Role.
US Army is currently deploying more space forces
into theatre than USAF and sees the Joint Forces
Land Component Commander as better choice.
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Policy Direction
Command and Control of Deployed Forces Needs to
be codified in Department of Defense Joint
Doctrine as to roles and responsibilities of both
services. One service cannot drive the doctrine
when all services have assets to
support. Commercial Satellite Usage Shutter
Control Techniques Denial of Foreign/US
Commercial Imagery Space Control Nationalization
of Commercial SATCOM as required
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Conclusions
After many years, the US Army is once again a
major contributor to military space. Changes
based upon the Space Commission Report
strengthened both the Army and the DoD Space
organizations to better leverage all national
space systems for the warfighter. Commercial
SATCOM, imagery, and Space Control are the
greatest issues facing the Army Space
organizations and need to be addressed.