General Psychology Chapter Two Biology and Behavior

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General PsychologyChapter TwoBiology and
Behavior
Agenda Finish Chapter 1 Quiz 1 due Lecture
Chapter 2Neurons Brain Video Clip Lecture Activit
ySobriety Lecture
Everyone needs to be valued. Everyone has the
potential to give something back. -Princess Diana
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• Neuronscells in the nervous system that conduct
  impulses 3 parts of the neuron
• Dendriteprimary receivers from other neurons
• Cell Bodyor soma main part of neuron that
  carries out life sustaining functions of neuron
• Axonsends signals to dendrites or other neurons
• D CB A synapse D CB A

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• -Synapsethe space between neurons across which
  axons send signals to dendrites

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• Neural Impulse
• At rest, a neuron has a negative electric charge
  this is known as the resting potential
• As positive ions flow in, the charge changes to
  positive this is known as the action potential
  to fire
• As the neuron fires, ions flow out and stop
  coming in, which restores the negative charge and
  results in a refractory period where the neuron
  cant fire again for 1-2 milliseconds

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• Each Axon has synaptic vesicles which hold
  Neurotransmitters (NTs)
• These NTs are released into the synapse to cross
  it and find matching receptors on the nearby
  neurons

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• After firing, the NTs are taken back up into the
  axon terminal
• NTs do compete with each other for the receptors
• Drugs can mimic NTs and compete for receptors

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• Neurotransmitters
• ACh (acetylcholine)helps with learning and
  memory, muscles, the heart, REM sleep, sleep-wake
  cycle Alzheimers
• DA (dopamine)helps with learning, attention,
  movement reinforcement of drugs schizophrenia,
  Tourettes Parkinsons
• NE (norepinephrine)helps with eating, alertness
  depression
• Epinephrinehelps metabolize glucose and gives
  energy in exercise

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• Serotonininvolved in mood, sleep, impulsivity,
  aggression, appetite, sex, arousal, temperature
  depression, suicide, PTSD, OCD autism
• Glutamatethe main excitatory NT learning and
  LTM
• GABAthe main inhibitory NT sleep, eating,
  seizures, anxiety Huntingtons
• Endorphinsthe brains natural opiates or pain
  killers help with pain or intense exercise
  acupuncture involved in emotions, memory and
  learning, and sexual behavior

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The Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral
  Nervous System (PNS) are the 2 parts
• CNS brain and spinal cord
• PNS connects CNS to rest of body

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The CNS

• Spinal cordlinks brain and body (PNS)
• Brainincludes Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

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• Field Sobriety Tests
• Studies show that the majority of people who fail
  any of three have blood alcohol levels beyond the
  legal limit for driving. When examinees fail all
  three tests, there is a 90 chance that their
  blood alcohol levels are above the limit.
• HORIZONTAL GAZE NYSTAGMUS
• Hold a pencil in front of the examinee's eyes and
  ask him or her to look at the point. Watch the
  examinee's eye movement as you slowly move the
  pen across the visual field. The examinee fails
  the test if s/he exhibits jerking of the eyes
  while tracking the moving pencil point or the
  eyes suddenly jerk back toward the nose when they
  have moved as far as possible to the side.
• WALK AND TURN
• Instruct each examinee to take nine steps,
  heel-to-toe, along a straight line with arms at
  their sides. At the end of the line, the
  examinee must turn on one foot and walk the same
  way back to the other end of the line. Examinees
  fail when they exhibit at least two of the
  following (a) fail to maintain balance while
  walking (b) use the arms to balance (c) deviate
  from the straight line (d) lose balance during
  the turn (e) require several steps to accomplish
  the turn (f) take an incorrect number of steps
  when walking the line.
• ONE-LEG STAND
• Instruct examinees to stand with one foot
  elevated at least six inches off the ground and
  to count by thousands (one thousand one, one
  thousand two, etc.) until instructed to lower the
  foot. The examiner allows 30 seconds for this
  task. Failure is defined as displaying at least
  two of the following (a) swaying (b) using the
  arms to balance (c) inability to keep the foot
  elevated (d) hopping to maintain balance.

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• Hindbrain
• Brainstemphysical survival, heartbeat,
  breathing, BP, swallowing, coughing includes
  medulla, reticular formation, and pons
• Cerebellummotor skill movements and motor
  learning (walking, dancing, driving)

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• Midbrainacts as relay station between brain and
  spinal cord
• Reticular Activating Systemconsciousness,
  arousal, wakefulness sleep-wake cycle
  anesthetics work on the RAS

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• Forebrain
• Thalamusrelay station for cortex for all of the
  senses except smell language production motor
  activity memory sleep cycles Korsakoffs
• Hypothalamushunger, thirst, sexual behavior,
  emotional behavior, body temperature, sleep,
  sleep/wake clock, rage/aggression SCN
• Basal Gangliavoluntary movement Huntingtons,
  Parkinsons, Tourettes, ADHD

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• Limbic systememotional expression, LT memory,
  motivation includes amygdala, hippocampus
• Amygdalamotivation, emotion, emotions to
  memories fear, aggression
• Hippocampuslearning and memory LTM amnesia

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• Cerebral cortexouter covering language, memory,
  thinking, logic, problem solving 80 of brains
  weight
• 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus
  callosum

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• 4 lobes in each hemisphere
• Frontalmotor cortex for voluntary movement
  Brocas area for speech production and grammar
  emotion, memory, executive functions like
  abstract reasoning, planning, decision making
• Parietaltouch spatial temperature pain
  pressure body position taste
• Temporalauditory has primary auditory cortex
  has Wernickes area for language comprehension
  and writing
• Occipitalvision has primary visual cortex

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The Cerebral Hemispheres

• Lateralizationhemispheres specialize
• Leftlanguage, speaking, writing, reading,
  comprehension, math, logic, positive emotions
  controls RIGHT side of body
• Rightvisual-spatial, music, creative thought,
  problem solving, reading nonverbal cues,
  expressing emotions nonverbally, negative
  emotions controls LEFT side of body

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• Hemispheres are usually the same in lefties
• Lefties have less specialized hemispheres, more
  LDs (learning disabilities) and mental disorders,
  more creative and talented
• Show hand preference by 5

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• Left and Right Hemisphere Questions
• What does the word appetite mean?
• How many letters are there in the word growing?
• What direction is the mall from school?
• Name the states that border Florida.
• You are walking due north and turn left and then
  left again and then right. What direction are
  you walking?
• How many straight lines are their in a hexagon?
• Which word has more letters, publication or
  contemplation?
• What is a synonym?
• How do you spell vacuum?
• How do you get to I-75 from CFCC?

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• The PNS connects the CNS to the body. It has 2
  partsSomatic and Autonomic
• Somatic NSconscious control sensory nerves
  motor nerves

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• Autonomic NSnot conscious control or awareness
  glands, heart, smooth muscles, large arteries, GI
  system it has 2 parts
• Sympathetic NSin stress or emergency, prepares
  you for action (fight or flight)
• Parasympathetic NSbrings body back to normal
  after crisis

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Genetic Principles