Organization and Regulation of the Human Body

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Chapter 4

• Organization and Regulation of the Human Body

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Tissues

• Tissue Similarly specialized cells that perform
  a common function in the body.
• 4 main tissue types in the human body
• 1. Epithelial covers body surface and lines
  body cavities.
• 2. Connective binds and supports body parts.
• 3. Muscular Moves body parts
• 4. Nervous-Receives, interprets and sends
  signals.

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Tissues require cell junctions

• What holds cells together?
• Cell Junctions, three main types
• 1. Tight Junction seams
• 2. Gap Junctions communication
• 3. Adhesion Junctions sticky rivits

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1. Epithelial Tissue

• Also called Epithelium.
• Composed of tightly packed cells that form a
  continuous layer or a sheet that lines the entire
  body of in inner cavity.
• 4 types
• Squamous-flat-lungs and blood.
• Cuboidal-cube-kidney tubes.
• Columnar-pillars-Digestive tract.
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar-Respiratory
  tract.

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Basement Membrane

• Epithelial Tissue is held to the body via a
  Basement membrane.
• The basement membrane binds the epithelial cells
  to connective tissue.
• Basement membrane is composed of
  glycoproteins-sticky sugary proteins and protein
  fibers Collagen-strong, Elastin-stretchy

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2. Connective Tissue

• Binds Organs together
• Holds epithelium to the body
• Provides Protection and Support
• Produces Blood Cells
• Stores Fat
• CT cells secrete a matrix, this matrix is
  composed of fluid and fibers-collagen and elastin.

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Connective Tissue

• A. Loose and Dense Fibrous
• Loose--supports epithelium and forms protective
  coverings.
• Dense--packed full of collagen, forms tendons and
  ligaments. Tendons connect muscle to bone,
  Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.
• B. Adipose Stores Fat, Energy, Provides
  Insulation and Organ Protection.

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Connective Tissue

• C. Cartilage Functions in support and
  Protection.
• 1. Hyaline--fine collagen fibers, white
  translucent matrix, nose and end of bones.
• 2. Elastic--Elastin and Fine collagen, flexible,
  found in the outer ear.
• 3. Fibrocartilage-Strong Strong Strong chock
  full of Collagen. Hard, resistant to pressure,
  pads of vertebrae and knee joints.
• Little to no blood supply!

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Bone and Blood

• D. Bone Most rigid connective tissue! Formed
  from hard matrix of calcium salts and fibers. Two
  types spongy and compact.
• E. Blood 55 Plasma, 45 Cells.
• Plasma--salts, sugars, proteins, nutrients.
• Cells
• Red--Oxygen!
• White--Immunity!
• Platelettes--Clotting!

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3. Muscle

• Muscle tissue is contractile tissue. Muscles
  work by contracting--shortening.
• Muscles are composed of actin and myosin. These
  are cytoskeletal proteins that pull on each other
  and shorten the muscle.
• 3 types
• Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac

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Muscle Types

• Skeletal Muscle is VOLUNTARY--you control
  movement.
• Skeletal muscle is striated, or striped.
• Skeletal muscles move body parts. Connections to
  bones via tendons.
• Skeletal muscle contraction is FAST.

• Smooth Muscle is INVOLUNTARY--we dont control
  movement.
• Smooth muscle is not striated, cells are spindle
  shaped.
• Smooth muscle functions in digestive system and
  surrounds blood vessels.
• Smooth muscle contraction is slow and rhythmic.

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Muscle Types

• Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.
• Cardiac muscle has branched, striated cells.
• Cardiac muscle is Involuntary.
• Cardiac muscle cells have Intercalated Disks
  these discs are cell junctions that combine
  adhesion junctions and gap junctions.
• Heart cells must beat in unison. Intercalated
  Disks allow calcium to regulate united beating.

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4. Nervous Tissue

• CNS (Central Nervous System)--Composed of
  Neurons.
• Neurons--Cell body, Axon, Dendrite.
• PNS (Peripheral)--Neurons wrapped by connective
  tissue form Nerves.
• Functions to receive sensory input, integrate
  signals and deliver motor output.

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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue has many types of supporting
  cells
• - Neuroglia--support and nourish neurons.
  Outnumber neurons in brain 91
• A. Oligodendrocytes--form myelin
• B. Microglial cells--eat bacteria and debris
• C. Astrocytes--provide nutrients and nerve
  growth hormones.

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal Cavity--back--brain and vertebral canal.
• Ventral Cavity--belly--thoracic and abdominal
  cavities.
• Thoracic--chest, contains heart and lungs.
• Abdominal--contains most other internal organs.

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Body Membranes

• Lining composed of epithelium overlying loose
  connective tissue layer.
• Mucous digestive, respiratory, urinary and
  reproductive. Secrete mucus.
• Serous line ventral cavity and organs. Secrete
  watery fluid to keep internal organs lubricated.
• Pleural line pleural (lung) cavity (Pleurisy).
  Peritoneum--double layer in between organs
  (Peritonitis)
• Synovial line joint cavities. Lubricate ends of
  bones. (Rhumatoid Arthritis)
• Meninges composed of connective tissue in dorsal
  (brain and spinal cord) cavity. Provide
  protection (Meningitis).

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Integration

• Cells become specified and are arranged to form
  specific tissues which form organs.
• Organs compose body systems.
• Nervous, respiratory, muscle, urinary, CV,
  digestive and lymphatic systems all must be
  integrated and regulated for our bodies to
  function.

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The End.