Americans in the Second World War

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Americans in the Second World War

• 1941-1945
• Chapter 27

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Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941

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Japan in the Pacific

• Attacks
• Guam
• Wake
• Thailand
• British Malaya
• British Colony of Hong Kong
• U.S. Philippines
• Midway Islands

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General Douglas Macarthur
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General Douglas Macarthur

• Where was he operating?
• Bataan
• Corregidor

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Japanese Game Plan

• West at India
• South into Australia
• Eastthrough Hawaii into U.S. Pacific Coast

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First Japanese Reverse

• May 1942
• Northeast coast of Australia
• British Air Force sank/severely damaged 30
  Japanese war ships.

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June 1942- further set backs for Japan

• Japan attacks on
• Aleutian Islands
• Hawaii
• Battle off the island of Midway stops southern
  advance
• Battle Attu and Kiska halt the northern advance

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Guadalcanal Solomon Islands

• First major allied offensive in Pacific
• U.S. take Japanese base
• Fend off attacks from air, sea, and surrounding
  jungle

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Guadalcanal

• Why important?
• An important naval base
• How a major blow to Japan?
• Planned to use it as a launching point into
  Australia, and could no longer had it.

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The tide in the Pacific turned
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Scorched Earth Policy

• Soviets destroyed everything they could not take
  with them
• Why?

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Erwin Rommel
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Afrika Korps

• German General Erwin Rommel
• Aimed at taking Egypt, securing Suez Canal, and
  the rich oilfields of the Middle East

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Allied Victories

• NOVEMBER 1942
• A turning point in the war
• Guadalcanal
• General Bernard L. Montgomery
• British General
• Accomplishment
• drives Rommel backward into Lybia

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General Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Eisenhower

• Canadians/British/Americans
• Land in Northern Africa
• Meanwhile
• Germans are encircled by Soviet troops in
  Stalingrad and are forced to surrender.
• combined casualties estimated to be above 1.5
  million
• Disregard for military and civilian lives

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What allowed this turn around?

• Americas human and war resources
• Team work

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United Nations

• Allied Nations pledge
• Full cooperation on war effort
• No SEPARATE PEACE
• Endorsed war aims of Atlantic Charter

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Lend Lease Program

• Break down
• 69 to Britain
• 25 to U.S.S.R.
• The rest was spread amongst other Allies

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Hitlers Errors

• 1) Failed to conquer Great Britain

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Hitlers Errors

• Surprise attack on U.S.S.R.
• Who was not in the war yet?
• Failed to reach Moscow
• Failure at the Battle of Stalingrad.

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Hitlers Errors

• Declaring war on the United States
• When did he do this?

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American Production

• Helps us win war
• Food
• War Materials
• Sacrifice at home for resources

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U.S.A.

• Radar
• A secret weapon of Britain
• U.S.A. had mass production capabilities.

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Farmers

• 2 Million farmers served
• STILL record breaking crops

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Production

• 75 greater than in peacetime
• War Production Board
• Focused on war production
• With war material production, standard of living
  at home was still incredibly high

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Financing the War

• Where did the money come from?
• Taxes
• Government Borrowing-War bonds
• National Debt 49?154 BILLION!1941-45

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Government Agencies

• Office of War Mobilization
• Unify the activities of the multiple war agencies
• War Production Board
• Affected the lives of all Americans
• Allocated raw materials for use
• Converted factories
• Constructed new plants

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Mobilizing Human Resources

• War Manpower Commission
• Discouraged men and women from working
  non-essential jobs in respect to the war
• SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM
• In charge of the draft

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Japanese Americans

• Forced relocation of 100,000 Americans of
  Japanese birth of parentage.
• Americans fearful of a Japanese attack on the
  United States
• Targeted Japanese within the country
• Fear of loyalty to Japan

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Nisei

• Native born Americans whose ancestors came from
  Japan
• Most Nisei lived in California
• Were forced to relocate to U.S. detention camps
  in other states until the end of the war.
• Lost homes and businesses
• Nearly all Nisei remained loyal to U.S. despite
  unfair treatment.
• After the war, Americans regretted this, Congress
  passed legislation in 1948 to try and help Nisei
  recover losses.

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Soft Underbelly

• Allies gradually fight their way to victory
• Begin by attacking the soft underbelly of the
  Axis (Churchill)

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North Africa

• El Alamein
• Began to drive Germans backward to Libya.
• French Morocco/ Algeria General Eisenhower
  lands with thousands of troops and 350 warships.
• Allied planes and ships cut supply route to Axis
  in N. Africa (Supply line from Italy over
  Mediterranean)

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Invasion of Italy

• 1943
• From North African Bases, Sicily and Italy faced
  relentless bombing from Allied planes.
• July INVADE SICILY

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Benito Mussolini

• Italians end Mussolinis rule
• New government organized

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Italy Surrenders

• Italian government unconditionally surrenders
  September 8, 1943.

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Importance of Italy

• Allies strengthen control of Mediterranean Sea
• Germany loses Italians (desperately needed
  troops)
• Allies gain bases from which they can launch
  bombing raids on southern Germany and other
  German held land.

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Operation Overlord

• Planned invasion of Western Europe (France)
• June 6, 1944 (D-Day)
• 11,000 planes
• Some planes dropped troops
• Bombed bridges, railways, tunnels
• 4,000 troop transports crossed the English
  Channel

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Beaches of Normandy

• Made unconquerable by Germans
• Heavy artillery
• Machine guns
• Barbed wire
• Concrete piles sunk off the coast (keep ships out)

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Beaches of Normandy

• Germans
• Outnumbered
• Out fought
• Out planned

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August 25, 1944

• Paris falls to Allies
• With help of the French resistance (an
  underground movement within France), the Allies
  were able to rip through the countryside of
  France and into Paris
• 2 Millions Troops
• Millions of tons of supplies

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Invasion from South France

• Allied forces invade from south through Rhone
  Valley to join Allied troops in Paris
• Within 6 months after initial invasion, France is
  liberated.

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Siegfried Line

• Allied advance stops
• Refuel supplies
• Get ready for the next step

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Germanys Last Stand

• Christmas 1944
• Allies fighting Germans as they broke through
  their lines creating a bulge
• BATTLE OF THE BULGE

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Battle of the Bulge

• Germans lose more than the battle.
• Many valuable troops
• Much valuable equipment
• Most importantly-there morale

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Invasion of Germany

• February 1945
• Allies cross the Rhine and encircle Nazi troop
  concentrations
• Soviets driving Nazis out of the Ukraine

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Concern over Soviet Union

• Soviet Union
• Penetrating deep into Europe
• Concerns Allies
• Churchill
• We should race Soviets to Berlin
• Roosevelt
• Left decision to Eisenhower
• Eisenhower
• Primary objective was total destruction of German
  armies. To depart from this objective would be
  irresponsible.

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Victory in Germany

• May 1, Hitler takes his own life in Berlin
• 1 Million German, Italian, and Austrian soldiers
  surrender to Soviets in Berlin

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VE DAY

• May 8, 1945
• Marks the formal end of war in Europe

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Holocaust

• Greek meaning
• Holos completely
• Kaustos - burnt
• 12 Million men, women and children are killed.
• 50 Jewish
• How to define it?
• Nazi persecution and genocide of undesirable
  people

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Strategy in the Pacific

• Air, land and naval forces would strike westward
  at Japanese held islands in the central Pacific.
• Drive the Japanese from Solomon Islands
• General MacArthur would advance on the Philippine
  Islands
• Ultimate goal?
• JAPAN

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The Struggle

• Japanese clung to every foot of land
• Few prisoners were taken
• Surrender was dishonorable in Japanese culture

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Island Hopping
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Island Hopping

• Ferocious battles for each island
• Strategically choose what islands to take
• Islands of use
• Islands that could hold a base
• Islands that could provide a strategic importance

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Yalta Conference (Feb 1945)

• Meeting of the great powers
• Roosevelt
• Churchill
• Stalin

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Yalta Conference

• Purpose
• Make decisions about the postwar world.
• Create a new world organization
• Meet in San Francisco April 25, 1945
• Draw up a charter for a new world organization
• BASIS OF UNITED NATIONS

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The Road to Victory

• Beaches of
• Iwo Jima

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Iwo Jima

• 22,000 American Marines Killed
• A Barren Volcanic Island
• 750 Miles from Tokyo
• Ira Hayes
• Indian receives the Congressional Medal of
  Honor for being an outstanding war hero
• One of the members who helped raise the flag in
  Iwo Jima

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Okinawa

• Largest landing force in Pacific history
• 300 miles from Japan
• Bitter Japanese resistance
• Falls in June 1945

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The End of WWII

• President Harry S Truman

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Potsdam, Germany

• Joseph Stalin
• Clement Atlee New Prime Minister of Britain
• Harry S Truman
• Discussed plans for control and occupation of
  Germany
• Issued an ultimatum for Japans unconditional
  surrender
• Japan rejects

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August 6, 1945 815 AM

• Hiroshima
• No Alarm
• City is disintegrated in 1 atomic blast
• Nearly 100,000 men, women, children were killed
  instantly or died soon after (out of 245,000)
• A NEW FORCE FOR WAR
• A force that would lead to a complicated post war
  world.

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Little Boy Hiroshima Fat Man -
Nagasaki
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Harry S Truman

• Conferred for days prior with military and
  political advisors
• Wanted to make the Japanese surrender immediately
• To save hundreds of thousands of American Troops
  lives.

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Japanese

• Hiroshima
• JAPANESE FAIL TO SURRENDER
• A 2nd Atomic Bomb would be dropped
• NAGASAKI
• August 9, 1945

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August 10, 1945

• Japanese ask for peace
• August 14, 1945 VJ Day
• Truman announces by radio that Japand had
  accepted the Allied peace terms
• WWII had come to an end.
• Formal surrender signed September 2, 1945

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Review Essays

• WWII
• Name Hitlers three key errors. Provide an
  explanation of how each error lost the war for
  Germany. How does Hitler die?
• Explain the Japanese war effort. What was the
  Japanese mentality about surrender? How did this
  cost the Allies? Explain the strategy (think of
  the term) that the Allies used to get within
  striking distance of Japan? What weapon was used
  to encourage the Japanese to surrender and which
  two cities was it used on? Why did Truman decide
  to drop the Atomic Bomb?