NEW HORIZON COLLEGE ENGLISH

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Part Four
The Paragraph
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Ways of Developing a Paragraph
Topic Two
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Part 4 Topic 2
1. Development by Example or generalization
2. Development by Cause and Effect
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1. Development by Example or Generalization
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Questions
Question 1 What kind of method is it ? How does
this way of developing paragraphs work?

• It works by introducing examples or
  illustrations to support or explain a topic
  sentence which is either placed at the beginning
  or at the end of a paragraph.

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Question 2 What is an illustration? What effect
can vivid illustrations bring to a paragraph?

• An illustration is an example, a case, a
  specimen, or an instance used to explain sth.

• An illustration can light up abstract ideas and
  make them clear, interesting, memorable, or
  convincing.

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Question 3 What type(s) of writing does this
method suit best?

• Expository, descriptive and argumentative
  writings.

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This term several useful and interesting
courses have been offered. An introduction to
European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of
background knowledge of the history of European
philosophy, literature, an arts. From time to
time we see slide shows of famous paintings and
hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they
make the lectures all the more interesting .
American Society and Culture is another course
that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who
visited the United States not long ago, discusses
new trends and changes in American life as well
as American history and tradition. We like these
and other courses very much, because they help us
not only to improve our English but also to
broaden our visions.
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There are some tasks for which computers are
eminently suited, and others at which they are no
good at all. We know that they are very good at
carrying out large computations---number
crunching. They are very good at storing
information (a passive task), and selecting parts
of it (an active task). They are very good at
trying a enormous number of possible combinations
of conditions because they can sift through the
possibilities at immense speed. Computers can run
highly complex process plants in industry, for
example, in chemical works. Raw materials are fed
in at one end, and a product emerges at the
other in between there may be an infinity of
combinations of temperatures, pressures and
intermediate products, maintaining the balance of
which is essential to getting what you want out
of the plant. The whole process can be controlled
by a computer, which monitors the variables, and
makes adjustments accordingly.
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My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is
the most lovely child I have ever seen. Her face
is like a red apple and her eyes are like bright
stars. When you carry her in your arms, she likes
to put her arms around your neck. All the
grownups in the family love her very much and
often try to make her smile. But quite often it
is she who makes us laugh. Once I winked at her
and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched
me attentively. Then she tried to imitate. While
we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both
eyes at the same time, and then quickly opened
them again. And that was her way to wink. We
all burst into laughter . When we looked at her
again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she
was asking What are you laughing at?
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Whether you do or not open a gift in the
presence of the giver whether you should or
should not turn the plate over to look at the
makers symbol on the back whether you put your
coat on before or after you leave the hosts
house whether you eat as quietly or as noisily
as possible whether you carry on a conversation
during a meal whether you walk in front of or
behind a seated person whether it is a friendly
or an offensive gesture to put your hand on the
arm of the person with whom you are talking
---these and a thousand other questions are
matters of cultural definition. None of them is
inherently right or wrong, and none is good or
bad manners except as a society defines it so.
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It was a typical Russian winter. The first
snowstorm had turned everything white. The wind
was howling, swirling and tumbling over a vast
land of ice and snow, freezing and destroying
whatever stood in its way. A ragged, misshapen
army was staggering and struggling desperately
for survival , cold, hungry and decreasing in
size every day. The year was 1812. The army was
the remnants of Napoleons expeditionary force
which withdrawing from Russian after receiving
its worst defeat. The war with Russia turned out
to be fiasco for Napoleon and had a devastating
effect on his career.
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2. Development by Comparison and Contrast
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Questions
Question 1 What kind of method is it ? How does
this way of developing paragraphs work?
Question 2 What is the general purpose of using
this method to develop a paragraph?
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Question 3 What is a comparison? What function
can it fulfill?
points out the similarities between two or more
persons or things of the same class.
Question 4 What is a contrast? What function can
it fulfill?
points out the differences between two or more
persons or things of the same class.
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Question 5 What are the two major ways of
organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast?
Block comparison or Block Contrast---examine one
thing thoroughly and then examine the other.
Alternating comparison or Alternating contrast
---to examine two things at the same time,
discussing them point by point.
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Question 6 When to use Alternating Comparison or
Contrast? What purpose does it suit?

• point out the similarities or differences
  without the intension of discussing in great
  detail.

Question 7 When to use Block Comparison or
Contrast? What purpose does this method suit?

• treat points of similarity or difference in
  depth (When points . are not many but complex).

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Is the U.S.A. more beautiful than CHINA?
Frankly speaking, I do not think so. China
has the unique historical remains, such as the
well-known Great Wall in particular. Equal to the
Mississippi, China is famous for the Yangtze
River and the Yellow River. Both the Appalachian
Mountains and the Rockies in the U. S. A. are
incomparable to the Himalayas in China. The Xisha
Islands in the South China Sea and the seabeach
of Hainan Province are by no means inferior to
those of Hawaii. Although there is no Great
Canyon in China, we can also point out other
picturesque scenic spots equal to it. The U. S.
A has the sunbelt while China has the spring
city---Kunming. Even the famous vineyards in
California can find a twin brother in the far
northwest of China. China equals the U. S.
A in Scenic beauty. The grass is absolutely not
greener on the other side of the Pacific.
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Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee
were fierce adversaries during the Civil War,
their lives, both military and nonmilitary, has
great deal in common. Grant descended from a
family whose members participated in the American
Revolution. He received his commission of second
lieutenant from West Point and served in the
Spanish-American War. He was later summoned by
President Lincoln to assume command of the Union
Forces during the Civil War. After the Civil War,
Grant suffered financial problems and was forced
to declare bankruptcy. Lee also descended from a
family which engaged in the American Revolution.
He, too, received his commission from West Point
and later fought in Mexico during the
Spanish-American War. His fame as a military
strategist during the Civil War, when he was the
commander of the Confederate armies, is well
known. Although it is not always pointed out by
historians, he, like Grant, had financial
difficulties after the Civil War and was
compelled to declare bankruptcy. By securing a
post as president of Washington College, he was
able to avoid additional poverty.
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Practice


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Homework
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