Biological Molecules

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Biological Molecules
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Lets clear up some terms

• Organic Molecules
• Biological Molecules
• Macromolecules
• Polymers

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Polymers

• Poly many mer part. A polymer is a large
  molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units
  bonded together.
• These sub-units are called monomers

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Classes of Organic Molecules
Note Type of organic molecule depends on
monomers or building blocks that make them

• 1) Carbohydrates
• 2) Lipids
• 3) Proteins
• 4) Nucleic Acids

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Biological Molecules

• Carbon based molecules (Organic)
• Think of this hoop ride as a carbon skeleton.
  NOT VERY IMPRESSIVE!!

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Biological Molecules

• Pimp my ride Biology
• Functional Groups things we can add to our
  carbon skeleton to pimp it out.

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Biological Molecules

• These new parts give our biological molecules
  fancy new functions!!

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Biological Molecules

• Functional Groups
• Hydroxyl Groups (-OH)
• Carbonyl Groups (CO)
• Carboxyl Groups (COOH)
• Amino Groups (C-NH2)
• Sulfihydryl Groups (C-SH)
• Phosphate Groups (PO42-)

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Carbohydrates

• Include carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)
• H and O in a 21 ratio
• Includes sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharide
• Disaccharide
• polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Simple sugars (one sugar)
• Building blocks (monomers)
• 121 CHO ratio
• Ex deoxyribose (DNA), glucose, galactose,
  fructose, ribose

glucose
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Carbohydrates

• Disaccharides
• Double sugars (2)
• 2 monosaccharides joined together
• Ex
• Sucrose glucose fructose (table sugar)
• Lactose glucose galactose (milk)
• Maltose glucose glucose (malt sugar)

sucrose
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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• Polymers (made up of 3 or more monomers)
• Long chain of simple sugars
• Used for energy storage

starch
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Functions of Carbohydrates

• FUEL (ENERGY)!!!!
• Glucose breaks down and releases energy from ATP
• If ATP supplies are good and energy is not needed
  or energy needs are satisfied, excess
  carbohydrates are stored
• Glycogen

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Lipids

• Insoluble in water
• Dissolve in other lipids
• Contain C, H, O (C and H will largely outnumber
  the O)
• 3 types
• Neutral fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

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Lipids

• Neutral Fats
• Fats and oils
• Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• E shaped
• Two types
• Saturated single bonds between carbons
• Exist as solids
• Unsaturated one or more double bonds between
  carbons
• Exist as oils (liquid)

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Lipids

• Phospholipids
• Contain phosphorus
• Tail is nonpolar (hydrophobic)
• Head is polar (hydrophilic)

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Lipids

• Steroids
• Four hydrocarbon (C and H) rings
• Cholesterol essential for life!!
• Major component of cell membranes

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Proteins

• Basic structural material of the body
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
  (C, H, O, N)
• Made up of amino acids

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Proteins

• Amino acids
• Building blocks (monomers) of proteins
• 20 types
• Order they are arranged in determines their
  structure and function
• Primary structure
• amino acid amino acid amino acid
• Beads of a necklace

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Proteins

• Amino acids (continued)
• Secondary structure
• Coil or twist primary structure into a folded or
  helix shape
• Tertiary structure
• Helix folds on itself into a ball or globular
  molecule
• Quaternary structure
• More than one amino acid chain

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Proteins
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Proteins

• Enzymes
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
• Lowers activation energy
• Energy needed to start a reaction

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Nucleic Acids

• Composed on nucleotides (monomers)
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
  phosphorus (C, H, O, N, P)
• Two types
• DNA and RNA

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotide 3 parts
• Nitrogen containing base
• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (G)
• Cytosine (C)
• Thymine (T)
• Uracil (U)
• Pentose sugar
• Phosphate group

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Found in the nucleus of a cell
• Contains genetic material
• Replicates (copies) before cell division
• Carries instructions for all protein synthesis in
  the body
• Double strand

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Nucleic Acids

• RNA
• Ribonucleic Acid
• Found outside the nucleus
• Carries out orders from DNA for making proteins
• Single strand