Consciousness

1
Consciousness

• Sleep, Dreaming, Hypnosis, Drugs

2
Sleep Dreaming

• 5 Sleep Stages
• REM
• 4 kinds of NREM

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Stages of Sleep

• Sleep is a series of stages
• Brain waves become slower more synchronous as
  you progress
• Larger, slower wavesdecreased brain activity

4
Falling asleep

• Awake and alertshort, choppy brain waves
• Relaxing heart rate (hr) respiration slows down
• And digestion speeds up

5
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

• Relaxed muscles
• Transition from awake to light sleep
• Myoclonic jerk

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Stages of NREM sleep

• NREMnon-rapid-eye-movement sleep
• 4 stages 1 2 Lighter sleep
• 3 4 Deeper sleep
• Each stage has different brain activity

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Brain Waves
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5 Stages

• All night long you go through the stages
• 1, 2, 3, 4 then 4, 3, 2, REM

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Deep Sleep

• Stage 3 4 NREM
• Brain emits Delta waves (large, slow waves)
• Aka Slow wave Sleep (SWS)
• Lasts 30 minutes

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In addition to Brain waves

• From Stage 1 to 4
• We have decreased musculo-skeletal control
• Decrease in BP, HP, RR
• Increase in digestion remains

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Sleep Cycles

• Stage 4, move back 3 2 1
• Cycles last about 90 minutes
• Now REM sleep begins to replace St.1

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REM sleep

• Rapid-eye-movement sleep
• Woke test subjects in REM
• -90 were dreaming
• Brain waves resemble St 1 but harder to awaken

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REM period gets longer

• About 25 of night in REM (adults)
• About 50 in Stage 2 3

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Why do We Sleep?

• Restoration Theory
• Adaptation Theory

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Restoration Theory

• We sleep so physiological processes can restore
  rejuvenate the body mind
• NREM sleep restores the body
• REM, the mind

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Problems with Theory

• Nearly all of the restoration from the last slide
  can be accomplished if we just sit quietly
• People need only a little more sleep after
  extreme physical exercise than inactivity

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Adaptive Theory

• Aka Evolutionary Theory
• Suggests humans and animals sleep to avoid
  hazardous environment
• E.g. humans sleep to avoid stumbling about in the
  dark

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Grazing Animals/ Predators

• Horses 2.9
• Elephants 3.5
• Sheep 3.8
• Antelopes 3.8

• Fox 9.8
• Rabbits 8.4
• Humans 8
• Armadillos 18.5
• Bats 19.9
• Cats 14.5
• College students 10.1

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Dreaming

• Everybody does it.

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Do Dreams take place in real time?

• Dement Wolpert (1958)
• Awakened people during REM sleep
• Length of dream-story told correlated with time
  in REM

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Most Frequent Dreams

• falling
• Being chased
• Appearing naked in public
• Taking an exam unprepared
• Flying

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Dreams Positive or Negative?

• Most are negative
• Or mix of neg/positive
• Recurrent dreams are likely to be neg in tone

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Dream Content

• Similar to events in waking life
• Strauch Meier (1996)
• 1/3 of all dreams in sleep experiment included
  the sleep researcher

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Day Residue Theory

• Wood et al. (1992)
• Subjects kept record of dreams S.F. earthquake
• 40 of those in S.F. had quake dreams
• 5 of those in Arizona

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Stimulus Incorporation

• External stimuli included in dream
• Strauch Meier (1996)
• Subjects heard jet plane noise
• 1/3 reported flying or sound of plane in dreams

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Drugs/alcohol Sleep

• Alcohol, barbiturates amphetamines deprive
  people of REM sleep
• You remain deeply asleep (no REM)
• When you stop, REM rebound

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Why do we dream?

• Freud, Memory conslidation Activation-Synthesis
  Hypothesis

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Freuds Theory

• Dreams are royal road to unconscious
• Manifest content dream images themselves
• Latent content true meaning of dream

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Problems with Freud

• Animals dream its unclear why theyd have
  conflicts w/ their moms
• And infants dream more than adults (is no one
  innocent?)

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Memory Consolidation

• Dreams help store info in memory
• Karni Sagi (1999) trained participants on
  difficult task
• Deprived half of NREM sleep/half REM sleep
• REM deprived remembered less

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Physiological Function

• Brain stimulation helps develop preserve the
  brains neural pathways
• Infants whose networks are developing have lots
  of REM

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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

• Hobson McCarley, 1977
• Brainstem emits bursts of neural activity
• Frontal lobe tries to make sense of this brain
  static