Consciousness

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Modules 7 - 9Consciousness
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Consciousness

• Awareness of ourselves and our environment
• Subjective own conscious experiences
• Selective attention ability to focus awareness
  on a single stimulus
• Divided attention different stimuli at the same
  time.
• Stream of consciousness flow of thoughts,
• feelings, and sensations
• Many levels of consciousness

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Circadian Rhythms

• The behavioral cycle of sleep and wakefulness
  that we naturally follow throughout our lives
• Circadian rhythms correspond to physiological
  changes, such as body temperature, blood
  pressure, and hormone levels.

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Circadian Rhythm
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works

• a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a
  twenty-four-hour period
• circa about
• diem day

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Circadian Rhythms

• Jet lag
• The severity of this jet lag depends on whether
  you fly westward or eastward.
• When flying westward your regular sleep cycle is
  pushed back five hours (a phase delay). The jet
  lag resulting from such east-west travel is
  easier to adjust toand thus, less severethan
  eastward-induced jet lag.
• When flying eastward your day is being shortened
  (a phase advance), which is not only farther away
  from your natural 24-hour sleep-wake cycle but
  also is inconsistent with peoples day-stretching
  habits.

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Circadian Rhythms

• Sleep-wakefulness cycles
• A small area of the hypothalamus known as the
  suprachiasmatic nucleus and the hormone
  melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, appear
  to be crucial in readjusting the bodys
  sleep-wake cycle.

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Sleep

• A nonwaking state of consciousness characterized
  by minimal physical movement and responsiveness
  to ones surroundings.

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Why We Sleep

• Why do we sleep?
• Body needs sleep and will malfunction without a
  sufficient amount
• Restorative theory
• Sleep allows the body to restore itself following
  the rigors of daily activity.
• Safety/conservation theory
• It prevents us from moving about and being
  injured.
• It conserves energy.
• We honestly dont know why we sleep.

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Necessity of Sleep
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works

• Hypothalamus tiny section of the brain that
  influences the glandular system
• suprachiasmatic nucleus deep within the
  hypothalamus the internal clock that tells
  people when to wake up and when to fall asleep
• The hypothalamus tells the pineal gland to
  secrete melatonin, which makes a person feel
  sleepy.

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Sleep Deprivation

• Effects of Sleep Loss
• fatigue
• impaired concentration
• immune suppression
• irritability
• slowed performance
• accidents
• planes
• autos and trucks

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Sleep Deprivation
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Sleep Habits Vary by Age

• Newborns sleep about 16 hours
• Children average between 9 and 12 hours
• Adolescents average about 7.5 hours.
• Newborns and young children have the highest
  percentage of REM sleep.
• Many sleep experts believe that the heightened
  brain activity during REM sleep in the young
  promotes the development of new neural pathways.

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Sleep Habits Vary by Age

• In adulthood, both quantity quality of sleep
  decrease with age.
• Less time is spent in slow-wave sleep.
• There is more stage 1 sleep and more awakenings
  during the night.
• The percentage of REM sleep only diminishes in
  later life.

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Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults
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Sleep Habits Vary Individually

• Morning people (25) wake up early, with a good
  deal of energy and alertness, but are ready to
  retire before 1000 p.m.
• Night people (25) stay up much later and have a
  hard time getting up early in the morning.
• This different sleep pattern appears to be
  related to differences in circadian body
  temperatures.
• Morning persons body temperatures rise quickly
  rise upon awakening. The body temperature of
  night persons rises gradually and peaks later.

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Sleep Habits Vary Culturally

• People in industrialized settings sleep less.
• This may have to do with work.
• Electricity also extends the time people can be
  active and productive.

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Stages of Sleep

• Stage1 hypnogogic state transition between
  wakefulness and sleep
• myoclonic jerk hypnogogic hallucinations
• Stage 2 lasts about 20 minutes and is
  characterized by sleep spindles
• Stage 3 slow-wave sleep brain waves higher in
  amplitude and slower in frequency
• Stage 4 delta waves much more pronounced
• REM (rapid eye movement) sleep Active sleep
  completes the sleep cycle.

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Brain Wave Patterns

• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• allows scientists to see the brain wave activity
  as a person passes through the various stages of
  sleep and to determine what type of sleep the
  person has entered
• alpha waves brain waves that indicate a state of
  relaxation or light sleep
• theta waves brain waves indicating the early
  stages of sleep
• delta waves long, slow waves that indicate the
  deepest stage of sleep

LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works
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Sleep
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Stages of Sleep

• Non-REM stage 1 light sleep
• may experience
• hypnagogic images vivid visual events
• hypnic jerk knees, legs, or whole body jerks
• Non-REM stage 2 sleep spindles (brief bursts of
  activity only lasting a second or two)

LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
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Stages of Sleep
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming

• Non-REM stages 3 and 4 delta waves pronounced
• deep sleep when 50 percent or more of waves are
  delta waves.

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Stages of Sleep

• Stage1 hypnogogic state transition between
  wakefulness and sleep
• myoclonic jerk hypnogogic hallucinations
• Stage 2 lasts about 20 minutes and is
  characterized by sleep spindles
• Stage 3 slow-wave sleep brain waves higher in
  amplitude and slower in frequency
• Stage 4 delta waves much more pronounced
• REM (rapid eye movement) sleep Active sleep
  completes the sleep cycle.

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First Cycle (90 Minutes) of Sleep
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Stages of Sleep

• Rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep in which
  the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the
  person is typically experiencing a dream
• NREM (non-REM) sleep any of the stages of sleep
  that do not include REM

LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
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REM Sleep

• REM phase of sleep is paradoxical.
• Brain waves are active.
• Body is paralyzed.
• People dream during REM.
• Eugene Aserinsky discovered the association
  between rapid eye movement and dreaming.
• 78 of people awakened from REM sleep report
  dreaming.

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Importance of REM Sleep

• Participants deprived of REM sleep often report
  feeling more tired.
• They may experience dreamlike images during the
  day
• They spend extra time REM sleep following
  deprivation. This is called REM rebound.

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REM Sleep and Dreaming
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming

• REM sleep is paradoxical sleep (high level of
  brain activity).
• If wakened during REM sleep, sleepers almost
  always report a dream.
• REM rebound increased amounts of REM sleep after
  being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

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Theories of Dreams

• Biological Dream Theories
• Dreams as interpreted brain activity
• Dreaming is simply a by-product of brain
  activity.
• Activation-synthesis theory
• A dream is the forebrains attempt to interpret
  the random neural activity initiated in the
  midbrain during sleep.
• There is no consensus on the cause or meaning of
  dreams.

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Theories of Dreams

• Psychological Dream Theories
• Dreams as wish fulfillment (Freud)
• Dreams are disguised wishes originating in the
  unconscious mind.
• Dreams as problem solving (emotions)
• Dreams provide people with the opportunity to
  creatively solve their everyday problems.
• Dreams as information processing (memory)
• Off-line dream theory contends that the cognitive
  processing that occurs during dreaming
  consolidates and stores information gathered
  during the day.

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Hallucinations

• Hypnogogic Hallucination a type of hallucination
  that can occur just as a person is entering Stage
  1 sleep
• Hypnopompic Hallucination a hallucination that
  happens just as a person is in the between-state
  of being in REM sleep (in which the voluntary
  muscles are paralyzed) and not yet fully awake

LO 4.10 What Are Hypnogogic and Hypnopompic
Hallucinations?
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Problems during Sleep
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep

• Insomnia the inability to get to sleep, stay
  asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
• Sleep apnea disorder in which the person stops
  breathing for nearly half a minute or more
• CPAP continuous positive airway pressure device

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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
• Narcolepsy
• uncontrollable sleep attacks
• sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often
  at inopportune times

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Stage Four Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep

• Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
• Occurring during deep sleep, sleepwalking is an
  episode of moving around or walking around in
  ones sleep. Sleepwalking is more common among
  children than adults.
• Sleeptalking

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Stage Four Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep

• Night terrors
• relatively rare disorder in which the person
  experiences extreme fear and screams or runs
  around during deep sleep without waking fully

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Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep

• Nightmares
• bad dreams occurring during REM sleep
• REM Behavior Disorder
• a rare disorder in which the mechanism that
  blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles
  fails, allowing the person to thrash around and
  even get up and act out nightmares

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Problems Related to REM Sleep
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep

• Narcolepsy sleep disorder in which a person
  falls immediately into REM sleep during the day
  without warning
• cataplexy sudden loss of muscle tone

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Psychoactive Drugs

• Psychoactive drugs drugs that alter thinking,
  perception, and memory
• Physical Dependence
• tolerance more and more of the drug is needed to
  achieve the same effect
• withdrawal physical symptoms that can include
  nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood
  pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive
  drug in the body systems

LO 4.7 Physical and Psychological Dependence on a
Drug
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Psychoactive Drugs

• Psychological dependence the feeling that a drug
  is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or
  psychological well-being

LO 4.7 Physical and Psychological Dependence on a
Drug
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Stimulants

• Stimulants drugs that increase the functioning
  of the nervous system
• amphetamines drugs that are synthesized (made in
  labs) rather than found in nature
• cocaine natural drug produces euphoria, energy,
  power, and pleasure
• nicotine active ingredient in tobacco

LO 4.8 How Do Stimulants and Depressants Affect
Consciousness?
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Stimulants

• Stimulants drugs that increase the functioning
  of the nervous system
• caffeine the stimulant found in coffee, tea,
  most sodas, chocolate, and even many
  over-the-counter drugs

LO 4.8 How Do Stimulants and Depressants Affect
Consciousness?
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Depressants

• Depressants drugs that decrease the functioning
  of the nervous system
• barbiturates depressant drugs that have a
  sedative effect
• benzodiazepines drugs that lower anxiety and
  reduce stress
• Rohypnol the date rape drug

LO 4.8 How Do Stimulants and Depressants Affect
Consciousness?
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Alcohol

• Alcohol the chemical resulting from fermentation
  or distillation of various kinds of vegetable
  matter
• Often taken for a stimulant, alcohol is actually
  a depressant on the CNS.

LO 4.8 How Do Stimulants and Depressants Affect
Consciousness?
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Table 4.5 (continued) Blood Alcohol Level and
Behavior Associated With Amounts of Alcohol
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Narcotics

• Narcotics
• A class of opium-related drugs, narcotics
  suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and
  stimulating the nervous systems natural receptor
  sites for endorphins.
• opium substance derived from the opium poppy
  from which all narcotic drugs are derived
• morphine narcotic drug derived from opium used
  to treat severe pain
• heroin narcotic drug derived from opium that is
  extremely addictive

LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and
Marijuana
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Hallucinogens

• Psychogenic Drugs
• drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that
  produce hallucinations or increased feelings of
  relaxation and intoxication
• hallucinogens drugs that cause false sensory
  messages, altering the perception of reality
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful
  synthetic hallucinogen
• PCP synthesized drug now used as an animal
  tranquilizer that can cause stimulant,
  depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects

LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and
Marijuana
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Hallucinogens

• Psychogenic Drugs (contd)
• MDMA (Ecstasy or X) designer drug that can have
  both stimulant and hallucinatory effects
• Stimulatory hallucinogenics drugs that produce a
  mixture of psychomotor stimulant and
  hallucinogenic effects
• Mescaline natural hallucinogen derived from
  peyote cactus buttons

LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and
Marijuana
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Hallucinogens

• Psychogenic Drugs (contd)
• psilocybin natural hallucinogen found in certain
  mushrooms

LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and
Marijuana
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Marijuana

• Marijuana (pot or weed) mild hallucinogen
  derived from the leaves and flowers of a
  particular type of hemp plant
• This woman is preparing a cannabis (marijuana)
  cigarette. Cannabis is reported to relieve pain
  in cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic pain
  from nerve damage. Such use is controversial as
  cannabis is classified as an illegal drug in some
  countries.

LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and
Marijuana
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Hypnosis

• A state of altered attention and awareness in
  which a person is unusually responsive to
  suggestions?

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Hypnosis

• Hypnosis
• a social interaction in which one person (the
  hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
  certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or
  behaviors will spontaneously occur

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Hypnosis
LO 4.6 Hypnosis and How It Works

• Hypnosis state of consciousness in which the
  person is especially susceptible to suggestion

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Hypnosis

• Four Elements of Hypnosis
• The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what
  is being said.
• The person is told to relax and feel tired.
• The hypnotist tells the person to let go and
  accept suggestions easily.
• The person is told to use vivid imagination.
• Hypnotic susceptibility degree to which a person
  is a good hypnotic subject

LO 4.6 Hypnosis and How It Works
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Hypnosis

• People differ in their hypnotizability, the
  degree to which they can enter a deep hypnotic
  state.
• Individuals who are highly hypnotizable have the
  ability to concentrate totally on material
  outside themselves and to become absorbed in
  imaginative activities.

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Hypnosis Symptoms

• When hypnotized, peoples awareness may be
  characterized by
• Enriched fantasy,
• Cognitive passivity,
• Hyperselective attention,
• Reduced reality testing
• Posthypnotic amnesia.

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Hypnosis Experiences

• Changes in perception
• Failure to process pain
• Posthypnotic Amnesia
• Posthypnotic Suggestion

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Common Misconceptions about Hypnosis

• People can be forced to violate their moral
  values.
• Memory is more accurate under hypnosis.
• People are much stronger than normal.
• Acts like a truth serum, compelling people to
  avoid deception
• People can be age-regressed, thus allowing them
  to relive childhood experiences.

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Hypnosis

• Unhypnotized persons can also do this

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Some Psychologists Doubt Hypnosis Is an Altered
State

• Social Influence Theory
• Spanos proposed that a hypnotized person is
  simply playing a role.
• In some studies, people pretending to be
  hypnotized perform exactly like hypnotized
  subjects.
• Orne Evans (1965) control group instructed to
  pretend
• unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as
  the hypnotized ones

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Some Psychologists Believe Hypnosis IsTrue
Dissociation

• Hilgards Neo-dissociation theory says there are
  two streams of consciousness
• One responds to the hypnotists suggestions.
• The other stream, the hidden observer, remains
  concealed from conscious awareness.
• EEGs of hypnotized persons differ slightly from
  normal waking state
• The debate about hypnosis being an altered state
  is a matter of ongoing scientific inquiry.

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Hypnosis and Pain

• Dissociation
• a split in consciousness
• allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur
  simultaneously with others
• Hidden Observer
• Hilgards term describing a hypnotized subjects
  awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go
  unreported during hypnosis