THE SPIRIT OF REFORM (1868-1920)

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THE SPIRIT OF REFORM(1868-1920)
Chapter 8

• Section 1 The Gilded Age
• Section 2 Progressive Ideals
• Section 3 Reforming the Workplace
• Section 4 Womens Suffrage and Temperance
• Section 5 Minorities Fight for Change

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OBJECTIVES
Section lThe Gilded Age

• In what ways did bosses control city politics?
• How did scandals affect national politics during
  the Gilded Age?
• How did the appointment of federal officials
  change during the late 1800s?

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Bosses Control City Politics
Section lThe Gilded Age

• Traded favors for votes
• Drew support from immigrants by offering them
  money or jobs for votes

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The Federal Government Suffers from Scandals
Section lThe Gilded Age

• The presidency of Ulysses S. Grant was viewed as
  corrupt because of scandals.
• Whiskey Ring U.S. treasury officials were
  jailed for taking bribes from Whiskey distillers
• Credit Mobilier (1872) some members of Congress
  who bought or were given shares of the company in
  return for large federal grants to the company

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SECTION 1
The Gilded Age
Question How did the appointment of federal
officials change during the late 1800s?
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SECTION 1
The Gilded Age
Appointment of jobs after Pendleton Civil
Service Act jobs appointed by exam and merit
system under control of the Civil Service
Commission
Appointment of government jobs in late 1800s
jobs granted by spoils system many unqualified
individuals appointed to positions
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Change in the Way Federal Officials Were
Appointed
Section lThe Gilded Age

• Exams were given to obtain civil service jobs
  based on merit.
• Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed in 1883.

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OBJECTIVES
Section 2Progressive Ideals

• What roles did middle-class reformers and
  muckrakers play in the progressive movement?
• How did progressives change government?
• How did progressives address the countrys social
  problems?

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Role of Middle Class Reformers and Muckrakers
Section 2Progressive Ideals

• These individuals had the free time and training
  needed to organize reform movements.
• Progressives worked for reforms in several areas
  such as health, education and government.
• Many progressives agreed that the government and
  public should solve social problems together.

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Progressives Changed Government By
Section 2Progressive Ideals

• writing about, thus exposing, the muck or filth
  of society
• supporting reforms that would give political
  machines less power
• trying to give voters more power by supporting
  the direct primary and the Seventeenth Amendment
• working to make local governments more efficient
  and responsive to citizens by using procedures
  like Senator Robert M. LaFollettes Wisconsin Idea

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Progressives Changed Government By
Section 2Progressive Ideals
(continued)

• supporting recall, initiative, and referendum
• recall unhappy voters can sign a petition
  asking for a special vote to remove an elected
  official before the end of his or her term
• initiative allows voters to propose a new law
  by collecting signatures on a petition. If they
  get enough signatures the proposed law is voted
  on at the next election
• referendum permits voters to approve or reject
  a law that has already been proposed or passed by
  state of local governments

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Progressive Social Reforms
Section 2Progressive Ideals

• Progressives worked to reform education at all
  levels.
• They tried to improve the education of medical
  professionals and in 1901 the American Medical
  Association was reorganized.

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SECTION 2
Progressive Ideas
Question How did progressives address the
countrys social problems?
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SECTION 2
Progressive Ideas
Social Problem
Reform
States pass laws requiring school attendance,
started kindergarten programs, developed high
school programs with courses in job training.
Childhood Education
Medical Education
The AMA was reorganized.
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OBJECTIVES
Section 3Reforming the Workplace

• How did progressives attempt to change labor
  laws?
• How did the Supreme Court react to labor
  legislation?
• How did labor organize to improve working
  conditions?

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Progressives Attempt to Reform Labor
Section 3Reforming the Workplace

• Progressives like Florence Kelley fought against
  child labor.
• Progressives favored the eight-hour workday.
• They supported minimum wage laws and called for
  laws that would protect workers from unsafe
  conditions.
• They worked for workers compensation laws.

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The Courts and Labor
Section 3Reforming the Workplace

• State and federal courts often used the
  Fourteenth Amendment to strike down regulations.
• In l898 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states
  could limit hours of work in dangerous jobs.

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The Courts and Labor
Section 3Reforming the Workplace
(continued)

• In Lochner v. New York the Supreme Court ruled
  that states could not restrict the rights of
  employers and workers to enter into any type of
  labor agreement or contract that they wished.
• In 1908 the Supreme Court, in Mueller v. Oregon,
  ruled to limit the working hours of women.

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Labor Organizations
Section 3Reforming the Workplace

• Workers formed unions to obtain better working
  conditions and wages.
• Some welcomed more radical ideas like socialism.
• The Industrial Workers of the World was founded
  in 1905.

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SECTION 3
Reforming the Workplace
Question How did labor organize to improve the
workplace?
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SECTION 3
Reforming the Workplace
Ways that labor organized to improve
working conditions
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OBJECTIVES
Section 4 WomensSuffrage and Temperance

• What new educational opportunities did women have
  in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and how did
  they affect women and society?
• What roles did women play in the temperance
  movement?
• How did womens rights activist work to gain the
  vote?

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New Educational Opportunities for Women and its
Effect on Society
Section 4 WomensSuffrage and Temperance

• More higher education was available for women.
• Several womens colleges were founded including
  Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley.
• After graduation women found that there were few
  jobs available and they were denied access to
  some professions.
• Many joined local womens social clubs that
  worked on a variety of projects.

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Role of Women in the Temperance Movement
Section 4 Womens Suffrage and Temperance

• Women were vital to the organization and success
  of the temperance movement.
• The Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was
  formed to fight alcohol abuse.
• The work of the WCTU led to the passage of the
  Eighteenth Amendment in 1919.

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The Womans Suffrage Movement
Section 4 Womens Suffrage and Temperance

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
  founded the American Woman Suffrage Association
  in 1890 to obtain the right to vote for women.
• Carrie Chapman Catt fought for womens suffrage
  in the west.

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The Womans Suffrage Movement
Section 4 Womens Suffrage and Temperance
(continued)

• In 1913 Alice Paul founded the National Womans
  Party which used controversial methods such as
  hunger strikes and pickets in an effort to obtain
  the right to vote for women.
• Together the NWP and NAWSA worked to see the
  Nineteenth Amendment added to the U.S.
  Constitution.

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SECTION 4
Womens Suffrage and Temperance
Question What new educational opportunities for
women developed in the late 1800s and early
1900s, and what were the results?
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SECTION 4
Womens Suffrage and Temperance
NEW EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
Opportunity
Result
Many female graduates found it difficult to get
jobs in male-dominated professions. Many women
joined social clubs.
Many women were able to Attend colleges and
universities.
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OBJECTIVES
Section 5Minorities Fight for Change

• What reforms did African Americans seek during
  the Progressive Era?
• What difficulties did American Indians face
  during the Progressive Era, and how did they
  respond?
• How did immigration change among Chinese
  Americans and Mexican Americans during the
  Progressive Era?

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African Americans Seek Reform
Section 5Minorities Fight for Change

• African Americans sought racial discrimination
  and segregation reforms.
• They wanted to improve economic conditions and
  stop lynching and race riots.
• The National Urban League was founded in 1911 to
  help African Americans make the transition from
  the South to northern cities.

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Difficulties of the American Indians During the
Progressive Era
Section 5Minorities Fight for Change

• American Indians were forced to live on
  reservations where poverty and unemployment were
  high.
• The Society of American Indians was formed in
  1911 to address these concerns.
• The Society of American Indians encouraged
  Indians to gain U.S. citizenship and adopt the
  American way of life.

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SECTION 5
Minorities Fight for Change
Question How did immigration change for Chinese
Americans and Mexican Americans during the
Progressive Era?
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SECTION 5
Minorities Fight for Change
Immigration Changes for Chinese and Mexican
Americans
Mexican immigration rose because Mexicans could
freely enter the United States.
Chinese immigration slowed because of laws
restricting Chinese entering the United States.