The Muslim World Expands

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The Muslim World Expands
Gun Powder Empires 1300 1700
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The Muslim World Expands

• Three great Muslim empires were based in todays
  Turkey (Ottomans), Iran (Safavids), and India
  (Mughals).
• Their success demonstrates how cultural exchange
  promotes growth and prosperity.
• However, problems in transferring power from one
  generation to the next contributed to the decline
  of each empire.

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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

• Ottomans were the most powerful empire of their
  time.
• The Ottomans were located in southwest Asia, on
  the northern coast of Africa, and southeastern
  Europe.
• They expanded their empire by
• buying land
• forming alliances
• using new technology
• Gun powder
• Muskets
• Cannons
• devshirme system
• janissaries

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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

• Rulers
• Osman
• Established a Muslim state in Anatolia (Asia
  Minor), 1300-1326
• Orkhan I
• Captured Andrianople, 1361, second most important
  by Byzantine city
• Mehmed I
• Defeated his brothers and became Sultan
• Murad II
• Invaded Europe

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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

• Mehmed II
• Conquered Constantinople, 1453, renamed it
  Istanbul
• Religiously tolerant
• Selim the Grim, 1512
• Defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of
  Chaldiran
• Captured Mecca, Medina, and Cairo (intellectual
  center of the of the Muslim world)
• Suleyman I, 1520 1566
• Most powerful ruler of his time
• Created a law code
• Simplified taxation
• Reduced bureaucracy
• Empire declined after him

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Safavid Empire

• Religion united as well as divided the Safavids
  and the Ottomans
• Both were Muslim, but Safavids were Shia and
  Ottomans were Sunni
• The face-off between Ismail and Selim at
  Chaldiran in 1514 resulted in a Safavid defeat.
• The border that was set between the two empires
  is still in use today. It is the border between
  Iran and Iraq.

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Safavid Empire

• Shah Abbas helped to create a Golden Age
• Limited military power
• Reformed the government
• Tolerant of other religions
• Brought in ideas from outside of the empire
• Chinese artists worked on glass, pottery, and
  metal
• Sent local artists to Italy to study under
  Raphael
• Persian carpets in high demand, becomes the
  national industry

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Safavid Empire

• Decline
• Similar to that of the Ottomans
• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire as far as
  India
• Cruel
• Assassinated by his own troops in 1747

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The Mughal Empire in India

• Hindus and Muslims clash
• Sultan Mahmud Ghazni devastates Indian cities and
  temples
• 1398 Timur the Lame destroys Delhi
• 1494 Babur comes to power, lays the foundation
  for the Mughal Empire
• Brilliant general who ruled well
• New leaders kill all opponents

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The Mughal Empire in India

• Akbar 1556 to 1605
• Baburs grandson
• Rules with wisdom and tolerance
• He married women from different ethnic groups
• He abolished taxes on Hindu pilgrims and
  non-Muslims
• Taxes were fair and affordable so people paid
  taxes
• Used new weapons
• Artillery
• Cannons
• Gun Powder

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The Mughal Empire in India

• Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Akbars son and sons wife
• Wife ruled because she knew how to use power and
  Jahangir had little interest in ruling
• Sikhs targeted by Mughal hatred
• Shah Jahan
• Assassinated all rivals
• Loved building and his wife Mumtaz Mahal
• Mumtaz died in child birth
• Taj Mahal tomb built to honor her memory
• Harsh taxes imposed to pay for monuments and war

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The Mughal Empire in India

• Aurangzeb
• Executed his older brother
• Imprisoned his father Shah Jahan
• Gave Europeans the port of Bombay
• Ended policies of toleration, which led to
  bitterness and rebellion
• His aggressive and oppressive policies weakened
  the central state, the power of local lords grew,
  and led to the ruin of the Mughal Empire

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