Biochem Open Note Quiz

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Biochem Open Note Quiz

• 1. What is an Atom? What is an element? What
  determines the chemical properties of an element?
• 2. Draw the structure of Boron (Atomic 5).
  Show how many protons, neutrons and electrons it
  has. Make sure to follow the Octet Rule, placing
  electrons properly.
• 3. Bleach has a pH of 13. Is it acidic or
  basic? What type of ions? Vinegar has a pH of
  4. Is it acidic or basic? What type of ions?
• 4. What is a monomer? What is a polymer? What
  are the 4 macromolecules? What are
  macromolecules used for?
• 5. Why can so many water droplets fit on the
  face of a coin? Why does ice float?
• 6. Take a piece of candy from the jarwhat
  macromolecule are you consuming?
• 7. What do the following reagents test for
  Iodine, Sudan III and Biurets Solution. How do
  you know if you have a positive or negative test
  for each?

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Biochem Unit Review

• Basic Chemistry
• Acids and Bases
• Water
• Macromolecules

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Atomic Structure

• Atom protons, neutrons, electrons
• Atomic protons (usually of electrons and
  neutrons)
• Isotope different neutrons than Atomic
• Ion different of electrons than Atomic

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Energy levels and bonding

• If outer orbital (valence shell) is not full of
  electrons, an atom has 3 choices
• give up extra ones to fall down to the next
  level,
• gain more to fill up the current level,
• share what they have with another atom.
• Loss or gain results in ions (charged atoms)
  opposite charges attract - ionic bonds
• Wimpy Sodium (Na) and Big Bad Chlorine (Cl)
• Sharing of electrons - covalent bonds (H-H)

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Chemical reactions/Bonding trying to reach
chemical equilibrium
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Hydrogen Bonding

• Weak attractions between an electronegative (-)
  atom and a hydrogen ()
• Water wimpy H() and big bad O(-)
• Individually, hydrogen bonds break easily
  collectively, they work to stabilize structure.

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Elements, Molecules and Compounds

• Element basic unit of chemistry properties
  based on of protons
• H, C, N, O, P, S
• Compounds chemical bonding of different
  elements
• H2O NaCl, HCl

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pH Scale

• The pH Scale is a system designed by scientist to
  measure the amount of hydrogen ions (H) or
  hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.
• The scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being
  neutral or an equal number of H and OH-. Pure
  water is neutral allowing it to be a component of
  even really strong acids and bases.

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Acids

• Acids are solutions that have a higher
  concentration of H ions and whose pH value
  falls below 7.
• Lemons vinegar Battery Acid

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Bases

• Bases are solutions that have a higher
  concentration of OH- ions and whose pH value is
  above 7.
• Soaps and cleaners slippery feel
• NaOH

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Physiology of pH change in the Body
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Organic Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

A macromolecule is a larger molecule (polymer)
built by putting together smaller single units
(monomers).
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Carbohydrates fuel and building material

• Three types
• 1. mono-saccharides
• 2. di-saccharides
• 3. poly-saccharides
• Made up of C, H, and O
• Number of sugar molecules attached determines
  category
• mono- one
• di- two
• poly- more than two
• Glycosidic bonds attach the sugar monomers
  together

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Chemical Identification of Carbohydrates

• Benedicts Test Identifies the presence of a
  MONOSACCHARIDE by changing from blue to orange in
  the presence of heat not done in class
• Iodine Test Identifies the presence of a
  POLYSACCHARIDE by changing from yellow to
  purple/black done in CSI lab(starch)
• Process of Elimination If there is no reaction
  with either the Benedicts or Iodine Tests, then
  a DISACCHARIDE is present.

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Lipid Structure

• Lipid molecules are made up of fatty acids and
  glycerol
• Energy storing, cushioning and insulation
• Unsaturated fat- a fat that contains at least one
  carbon-carbon double bond (it is liquid at room
  temperature) less H
• Saturated fat- a fat without one carbon-carbon
  double bond (solid at room temperature)
• Test for using Sudan III

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Nucleic Acid StructureRNA and DNA polymers of
information

• Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides bonded
  together
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts
• 5-carbon sugar
• A phosphate group
• And a nitrogenous base

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Proteins

• Proteins control the rate of reactions and
  regulate cell processes. (enzymes are proteins)
• Proteins are used to form bones and muscles
• Proteins transport substances into or out of
  cells or help to fight disease
• Test for using Biurets
• Turns violet if proteins

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• Protein Structure
• (1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a
  polypeptide chain
• (2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains
  hydrogen bonded into a helix form
• (3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain
  clumped up
• (4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck
  together

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Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Activation energy- energy needed to get a
  reaction started
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological
  catalysts (speed up a reaction)

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Carbon Macromolecules Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain