Intro to Organic Chemistry

1
Intro to Organic Chemistry

• Chap 25,26,27

2
What is Organic Chemistry

• The chemistry of carbon and the compounds it
  forms

3
What is an allotrope

• Different physical forms of an element
• What are some of the allotropic forms of carbon
• Diamond, graphite,

4
What is special about the number of bonds and the
kinds of compounds Carbon forms

• Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds. It can bond to
  itself over and over and still to other atoms
  (concatentation)

5
What is a hydrocarbon

• A compound containing only C and H

6
What is a structural formula

• A formula representing each bond in the compound
• CH3CH2CH3

7
How do you draw an (expanded) structural formula
for an organic compound

• Use bonding rules and show with dashes the bonds
  between the atoms

8
Show me 2-methylpropane

• H H
  H-C-H H H-
  C---------C------C--H
  H H H

9
Organic Nomenclature

• Organic compounds (those that have Carbon as the
  main element) have a special set of rules for
  naming.
• You will need to be able to name some simple
  hydrocarbons, branched and substituted
  hydrocarbons, simple alcohols and acids.
• The system is based upon the carbon chain in the
  compound

10
What are the root names for the first 10 Carbons

• 1. CH3- meth
• 2. CH3CH2- eth
• 3. CH3CH2CH2 prop
• 4. CH3CH2CH CH2 but
• 5. CH3CH2CH2CH CH2 pent
• 6. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 hex
• 7. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 hept
• 8. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 oct
• 9. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 non
• 10.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
  
  dec

11
What are the prefix (When they attach to the main
chain) names for the first 10
Carbons

• 1. CH3- methyl
• 2. CH3CH2- ethyl
• 3. CH3CH2CH2 propyl
• 4. CH3CH2CH CH2 butyl
• 5. CH3CH2CH2CH CH2 pentyl
• 6. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 hexyl
• 7. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 heptyl
• 8. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 octyl
• 9. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 nonyl
• 10.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
  
  decyl

12
What are the suffixes for the hydrocarbons

• All C-C single bonds ane (alkane)
• If CC (a double bond) ene (alkene)
• If C?C (a triple bond) yne (alkyne)

13
How do you name a hydrocarbon

• Find longest continuous chain of Cs (may have to
  look up or down. Not always in a straight line).
  This is the root (stem) see above.
• If all single bonds use suffix ane.
• If a double bond present, count from the end that
  gives it the lowest number (count from left or
  from right). Use number for the position of
  double bond (unless only place it can be), a
  hyphen, stem, and suffix- ene.If triple same
  rules but suffix yne

14
Give an example

• CH3CH2CH3
• Propane
• CH3CH2CH2CHCHCH3
• 2-hexene

15
How do you name a Branched hydrocarbon

• Give the location, number of, and length of the
  attached carbons on the main chain. Must use
  lowest possible numbers and cant recount
• I think what, where, how many.
• Use prefixes if more than one of the same
  attaching group (mono, di, tri, tetra, etc)

16
Give me an example

• CH3 CH3CHCHCH2CHCH2CH3
  CH3 CH2CH3
• 5-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

17
What is an isomer

• Substances that has the same number and kind of
  atoms but are bonded differently (have different
  structures)
• There are structural, functional, optical, etc,
  isomers

18
Draw some isomers of hexane

• CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
• CH3
  
  CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
• CH3 CH3 CH3
  CH3CHCHCH3
  CH3CH2CHCH2CH3

19
What is a substituted hydrocarbon

• One that has an element replacing one of the Hs
  (Usually a Halogen, S, N,

20
How do you name it

• Same basic rules.
• Find longest continuous chain of Cs that
  contain the substituent. This is the root
  (stem). If all single bonds use suffix ane.
• If a multiple bond present, count from the end
  that gives it the lowest number (count from left
  or from right). Use number for the position of
  the multiple bond
• Give the name, location and number of
  substituents (replace suffix with o)

21
Give me an example

• Cl
  CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
• 3-Chloropentane

22
What is a functional group

• A specialized group that gives the carbon
  compound special chemical properties.

23
How would you recognize an alcohol

• An -OH group attached to a Carbon Chain

24
What are the rules for naming alcohols

• Same basic rules.Number and location of OH group
  with suffix of ol

25
An example?

• OH CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
• 2-pentanol (drop the e off pentane and add ol)

26
How would you recognize an acid

• COOH,
• COOH

27
What are the rules for naming acids

• Regular rulessuffix is -oic acid
• CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH2
  CO
  OH
• 5-methylheptanoic acid

28
How would you recognize a ketone

• R-C-R O

29
How would you recognize an ester

• R-CO O-R

30
How would you recognize an amine

• R-C-NH2

31
What happens when an organic acid reacts with an
organic base

• Like any acid-base reaction, you get water
  (Replace the OH off the acid with the N and
  attached Cs off the base)

32
What happens when an organic acid reacts with an
inorganic base

• Like any acid-base reaction, you get water and a
  salt.(Replace the H off the acid with the metal
  from the base)

33
Example

• CH2CH2 CO CH3NH2 ?
  OH
• CH2CH2 CO H2O
  NH CH3

34
Example

• CH2CH2 CO NaOH ?
  OH
• CH2CH2 CO H2O
  ONa

35
What are some biologically important organic
compounds

• Proteins,
• carbohydrates,
• lipids (fats)

36
How would you recognize a carbohydrate

• A poly hydroxy aldehyde or ketone

37
How would you recognize a lipid

• Cmpd containing C,H,O and is insoluble in water.
• (It is an ester with the R group on the acid
  portion being a fatty acid. (even number of Cs)
• R-CO O-R

38
How would you recognize a protein

• A complex molecule consisting of a particular
  sequence of amino acids (peptides) that are
  joined to form a protein (polypeptides). All
  proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
  nitrogen Series of amino acids (acid group and
  amine group on same molecule)bonded together to
  form amides.

39
How could you determine the likelihood of one of
these organic compounds dissolving in water

• Look for polar groups on the molecule