Mobile, Wireless, and Pervasive Computing

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• Mobile, Wireless, and Pervasive Computing

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Chapter Outline

• Wireless devices
• Wireless Local Area Networks, Wi-Fi, and Voice
  Portals
• Wireless transmission media
• Mobile Commerce
• Mobile Shopping, Advertising, and Customer
  Service
• Mobile Intrabusiness Applications.
• Location- Based Computing.
• Pervasive computing
• Security issues

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Learning Objectives

• Discuss the characteristics, attributes, and
  drivers of mobile computing and m-commerce.
• Discuss m-commerce applications in financial
  services.
• Describe m-commerce applications in shopping,
  advertising, and customer services.
• Describe the use of mobile computing in
  enterprise and supply chain applications.
• Describe location- based commerce (l-commerce).
• Discuss the key characteristics and current uses
  of pervasive computing.
• Describe the major inhibitors and barriers of
  mobile computing and m-commerce.

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Mobile Computing and Commerce Overview,
Benefits, and Drivers

• Mobile computing. A computing model designed for
  workers who travel outside the boundaries of
  their organizations or homes.
• Wireless mobile computing. The combination of
  mobile devices used in a wireless environment.

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Wireless Devices

• Wireless devices are small enough to easily carry
  or wear, have sufficient computing power to
  perform productive tasks and can communicate
  wirelessly with the Internet and other devices.
• Include PDAs, cellular phones, smart phones.
• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is the
  standard that enables wireless devices with tiny
  display screens, low bandwidth connections and
  minimal memory to access Web-based information
  and services.

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Wireless Local Area Networks, WI-FI, and Voice
Portals

• Wireless LAN(WLAN) A local area network (LAN)
  without the cables used to transmit and receive
  data over the airwaves.
• Hotspot A small geographical perimeter within
  which a wireless access point provides service to
  a number of users.
• (Wi-Fi) wireless fidelity. Another name for the
  802.11b standard on which most WLANs run.

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Wireless Transmission Media

• Microwave transmission systems are widely used
  for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point
  communication.
• Point-to-point has two characteristics first,
  the transmitter and receiver must be in view of
  each other (called line-of-sight) and second,
  the transmission itself must be tightly directed
  from transmitter to receiver.

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Wireless Transmission Media (Continued)

• Satellite transmission systems make use of
  communication satellites three types of
  satellites, each in a different orbit
• Geostationary (GEO)
• Medium-earth-orbit (MEO)
• Low-earth-orbit (LEO)

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Wireless Transmission Media (Continued)

• Footprint is the area of earths surface reached
  by a satellites transmission
• The higher the sattelite orbit, the larger the
  footprint.
• The size of the footprint determines how many
  sattelites are needed to cover the earth
  completely.

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Global Positioning Systems

• GPS is a wireless system that uses satellites to
  enable users to determine their position anywhere
  on the earth supported by 24 shared satellites
  worldwide.

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Internet over Satellite (IOS)

• IOS allows users to access the Internet via GEO
  satellites from a dish mounted on the side of
  their homes.
• Only option available in some areas.
• Can have a propagation delay or be disrupted by
  environmental conditions.

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Mobile commerce ( m-commerce) Terminology

• Any e-commerce done in a wireless environment,
  especially via the Internet.

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The Attributes of M-computing and M-commerce

• Mobility users can carry a mobile device with
  them at all times
• Broad reach people can be reached at any time.
• Convenience and instant connectivity easy and
  fast access to the web, intranets, and other
  mobile devices without booting up a PC or placing
  a call via a modem.
• Customization Information can be customized and
  sent to individual consumers as an SMS.
• Localization knowing where a user is physically
  at any particular moment is key to offering
  relevant products and services.

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Drivers of M-computing and M-commerce

• Widespread availability of mobile devices.
• No Need for a PC.
• The Cell Phone Culture.
• Declining Prices and Increasing Functionalities.
• Improvement of Bandwidth.

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Mobile Personal Service Applications

• Hotel Services Go Wireless
• Wireless Telemedicine
• Mobile Portals
• Applications in Finance
• Mobile Banking
• Wireless Electronic Payment Systems
• Micropayments
• Mobile (Wireless) Wallets
• Wireless Bill Payment

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M-shopping, Advertising, and Customer Service

• Shopping from Wireless Devices
• Location-Based Advertising
• Mobile Support of Consumers

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Mobile Intrabusiness Applications

• Support of mobile workers with wearable devices
  such as Screen, Camera, Touch-panel display,
  Keyboard, and Speech Translator
• Job Dispatch

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Location-Based Commerce

• Location based commerce (l-commerce)M-commerce
  transactions targeted to individuals in specific
  locations, at specific times.

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L-commerce Technologies

• Providing location- based services requires the
  following technologies.
• Position- determining equipment (PDE) This
  equipment identifies the location of the mobile
  device.
• Mobile positioning center (MPC) The MPC is a
  server that manages the location information sent
  from the PDE
• Location-based technology The technology consist
  of groups of servers that combine the position
  information with geographic- and location-
  specific content to provide an l-commerce service
• Geographic content Geographic content consists
  of streets, road map, addresses, routes,
  landmarks, land usage , Zip codes and the like.
• Location-specific content Location-specific
  content is used in conjunction with the
  geographic content to provide the location of
  particular services.

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Barriers to L-commerce

• Accuracy
• The cost- benefit justification
• The bandwidth of GSM networks
• Invasion of privacy

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Pervasive Computing

• Pervasive computing invisible, everywhere
  computing that is embedded in the objects around
  us.
• E.g. Walls, floors, appliances
• (RFID) radio frequency identification. Generic
  term for technologies that use radio waves to
  automatically identify individual items.

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Radio Frequency Identification

• RFID Technology allows manufacturers to attach
  tags with antennas and computer chips on goods
  and then track their movement through radio
  signals.
• Auto-ID create a network that connects computers
  to objects, an Internet of things.
• This Internet of things will provide the ability
  to track individual items as they move from
  factories to store shelves to recycling
  facilities.
• The problem with RFID has been the expense at
  the individual item level.
• Current applications in manufacturing use pallet
  level tagging.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

• Wireless Sensor Networks are networks of
  interconnected, battery-powered, wireless sensors
  called motes that are placed into the physical
  environment.
• Motes collect data from many points over an
  extended space.
• Each mote contains processing, storage, and radio
  frequency sensors and antennas.
• Motes provide information that enables a central
  computer to integrate reports of the same
  activity from different angles within the network.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (Continued)

• Mesh Network is composed of motes, where each
  mote wakes up for a fraction of a second when it
  has data to transmit and then relays that data to
  its nearest neighbor.
• An advantage is if one mote fails, another one
  can pick up the data.
• Very efficient and reliable.

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Wireless Security

• Four major threats
• Rogue access point is an unauthorized access
  point to a wireless network.
• War driving is the act of locating WLANs while
  driving around a city or elsewhere.
• Eavesdropping refers to efforts by unauthorized
  users to try to access data traveling over
  wireless networks.
• RF (Radio frequency) jamming is when a person or
  a device intentionally or unintentionally
  interferes with your wireless network
  transmissions.

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Wireless Security (Continued)

• To avoid those previously mentioned threats
  implement the following solutions
• Detect unauthorized access points with devices
  from NetStumbler
• Block your SSIDs
• Encrypt wireless transmissions with Wi-Fi
  Protected Access (WPA)
• Know who is using your network and what they are
  doing on it
• Automatically shift to a different wireless
  channel when there is interference.

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Inhibitors and barriers of mobile computing

• The usability and other technical problems
• Ethical and legal issues
• Failures in mobile computing and M-Commerce