Holocaust, Nuclear Weapons, Costs of War

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Holocaust, Nuclear Weapons, Costs of War

• Consequences of World War II

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Mein Kampf

• After Treaty of Versailles
• Hitler blamed Jews for the economic problems in
  Germany Mein Kampf
• Saw Jews as parasites

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The Nuremburg Laws

• 1935 Passage of Nuremburg Laws
• Protection of German Blood and Honor
• Citizenship Laws
• Prevented Jews from certain jobs, education, and
  property rights
• Forced Jews to wear yellow stars and carry
  identification cards
• Violence begins in 1938

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German Expansion

• As the Germans expanded east, they captured or
  killed Jews in the nations they invaded
• First put them in holding areas (ghettos)
• Walled off communities with poor conditions
• Forced them to work in nearby fields, mines, and
  factories
• Later transported the Jews to concentration camps
• Concentration camps found in areas like Germany
  and Poland

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Concentration Camps

• Used to confine Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Communists,
  homosexuals, and people with various
  disabilities
• Germans used prisoners as forced laborers
• In some camps most were murdered death camps
• Up to 11 million died murder, starvation,
  disease
• Over 6 million were Jewish
• Gas Chambers were used to kill
• Ovens were used to destroy the bodies

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Avoiding the Holocaust

• Many Jews escaped Nazi-controlled areas and
  immigrated to other nations
• Many went to Palestine (Israel)
• Others fled into Allied nations

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Nuclear Weapons

• (Aka. Weapons of Mass Destruction)
• Japan refused to surrender in 1945
• American forces feared that an invasion of Japan
  would lead to 500,000 plus deaths of American
  personnel
• To save lives, Pres. Truman ordered the use of
  nuclear weapons
• Hoped that bombs would break Japanese resistance
  to surrender

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Manhattan Project

• With approval from Canada and Great Britain, the
  U.S. began developing nuclear weapons
• Tested in New Mexico

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Choice of Targets

• Wanted to target a military base
• But fearing a miscalculation- wanted to hit an
  urban center that would kill civilians and
  affect Japan in a psychological way
• Hiroshima military and industrial center
• Nagasaki sea port and industrial center

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Hiroshima

• Enola Gay B 29 bomber on 8/6/45 dropped the
  atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima
• Killed 80,000 immediately
• Blast area (one-half mile diameter) was vaporized
  
• One mile range buildings were destroyed and 90
  of all living creatures were killed
• By the end of 1945 140,000 people have died
  due to the bomb

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Nagasaki

• 8/9/45
• 80,000 deaths

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Radiation

• Radiation causes sickness and alters the
  chemical make-up of plants and animals
• Makes the ground sterile unable to support life
• After the war, thousands more died due to
  radiation

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Japanese Surrender

• Japanese officials surrendered 6 days after
  Nagasaki
• August 15, 1945

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Long Term Effects of the Nuclear Weapons

• The Soviet Union started to develop their own
  weapons of mass destruction
• To protect themselves from others?
• To use to expand their power?
• Tested their first atomic bomb in 1949
• 1952 U.S. tested a hydrogen bomb
• More powerful than an atomic bomb
• 1953 Soviets did the same
• Arms race had begun

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Long Term Effects of the Nuclear Weapons

• Nuclear weapons have been tested on over 2000
  occasions
• U.S., Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France,
  China, India, Pakistan, North Korea
• U.S. is accusing Iran for developing nuclear
  capabilities today

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Atomic v Hydrogen

• Atomic bombs produces explosive energy using
  fission reactions
• Hydrogen bombs produce more energy using
  fusion reactions

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Costs of War

• Most costly war for human lives in history
• Cannot fully determine causalities
• Estimate 30 million persons killed
• Economic Costs
• Estimate 1 trillion overall
• U.S. Costs 341 billion
• Items were stolen and destroyed by both sides of
  the war

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Costs of War

• Refugees
• Many Europeans who lost their homes or faced
  poverty due to the war found new homes in places
  like the U.S., Canada, and Australia

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Reflection of Major WWII Battles
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Battle of Britain (1940-1941)

• After France is lost to Nazi control, Hitler
  began bombing raids over Great Britain
• Hitler offered to negotiate a peace agreement
• Winston Churchill turned him down
• Hitler then ordered his air force to attack
  military targets and later focused on attacking
  British railroads and civilian industrial
  targets
• Continuously bombed London for two months

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Battle of Britain (1940-1941)

• The British Royal Air Force (RAF) was
  outnumbered by the Germans
• But had superior training and radar (newest
  electronic tracking device that prevented
  surprise attacks)
• By the middle of 1941, the RAF secured the
  English Channel
• Many allied air forces came to help

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Normandy D-Day (1944)

• Due to the invasion of Italy and Germanys focus
  of the Soviet Union, the Allied Powers decided
  to open up a second front
• Operation Overlord invasion of northwest
  France (June August)
• British, American, and Canadian forces
• Troops landing on the beaches while aircrafts
  tried to broke down German defenses
• By August, Allied forces regained France

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Battle of the Bulge - Belgium

• Largest battle in western Europe the largest
  ever fought by the U.S. Army
• 10 day battle German aggressive counter-attack
• 600,000 American soldiers fought
• 80,000 were killed, wounded, or captured
• 100,000 German losses
• Nazi leaders realizing that the war was lost

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Battle of Iwo Jima

• February March 1945
• First American attack on Japanese home islands
• Mission to capture Japanese airfields
• Island was heavily fortified with bunkers,
  artillery, and tunnels
• 20,000 out of 21,000 Japanese soldiers lost their
  lives

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Battle of Okinawa

• April June 1945
• 1,300 allied warships and 180,000 allied troops
• 2,000 Kamikaze Japanese attacks against these
  ships
• 100,000 Japanese defenders pledged to fight to
  the death
• Suicidal banzai charges to kill as many
  soldiers before dying themselves
• Nearly 50,000 American casualties
• Most costly battle in the Pacific

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