Organic

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Organic Biological Compounds

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• A. Organic Compounds
• 1. All contain carbon
• 2. Some compounds with carbon are not organic
• a. Carbon monoxide carbon dioxide
• CO CO2
• b. Carbonates - -CO3
• 3. 90 of all compounds are organic

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• 4. Reasons why carbon forms so many compounds
• a. C can form 4 bonds
• - C -
• 
  
• b. C can form single, double, or triple
  bonds (it forms many types of bonds)
• c. C can bond with atoms of many different
  elements

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• B. Hydrocarbons
• 1. Made of only H and C
• 2. Used for fuel and manufacturing
  processes
• 3. Types
• a. Saturated have only single bonds
• b. Unsaturated have double or triple
  bonds

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• 3. Classification of hydrocarbons
• a. Alkanes single bonds (saturated)
• b. Alkenes double bond (unsaturated)
• c. Alkynes triple bond (unsaturated)
• d. Cycloalkanes carbons are single bonded
  in a ring structure

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• 4. Isomers compounds with identical chemical
  formulas, but different structural formulas
• 5. Aromatic hydrocarbons
• a. Some have strong odors
• b. Benzene

c. Have a ring of six C atoms joined by
alternating single and double bonds
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• 6. Substituted hydrocarbons one or more H
  atoms are replaced by other elements
• a. Alcohols H is replaced by a hydroxyl
  group (-OH)

b. Organic acids H is replaced by a carboxyl
group (-COOH)
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• 7. Esters
• a. Organic acid alcohol ? ester

b. Used as food flavorings c. Polyesters are
synthetic fibers made of long chains of esters
linked together
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• B. Biological Compounds
• 1. Proteins
• a. Contain C, H, O, and N
• b. Are polymers of amino acids
• (about 20 varieties)

c. Polymers are long chains of smaller organic
molecules (monomers) d. Peptide bonds link amino
acids e. Proteins make all enzymes (regulate
chemical reactions in our bodies)
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• 2. Nucleic Acids
• a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

b. RNA (ribonucleic acid) c. Control cellular
activities d. Made of smaller units called
nucleotides
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• 3. Carbohydrates
• a. Made of C, H, and O
• (2x as many H as O)
• b. Types
• 1) Sugars (glucose sucrose)

2) Starches (polymers)
c. Our main source of energy (food)
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• 4. Lipids
• a. Made of C, H, and O
• b. Types
• 1) Fats (animals) - saturated
• 2) Oils (plants) - unsaturated

c. Used for storing energy in living things d.
Cholesterol - animals use it to build cell
membranes