Infection Control

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Infection Control

• NPN 105
• Joyce Smith RN, BSN

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Changes in Control of Infections

• Onset of HIV
• Insurgence of TB form endemic countries
• Increase in hepatitis
• Increase in immigrants
• Hospital cost containment
• Nosocomial infections

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Infection Control

• Infection control and prevention are important
  functions.
• Knowledge of infectious process, critical
  thinking, aseptic techniques, and barrier
  protections cannot be overemphasized.
• Nurses are the primary preventers of infectious
  diseases in health care

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Scientific Knowledge Base

• Nature of infection
• Invasion of susceptible host by pathogens or
  microorganisms which results in disease
• Infecting agents
• Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa
• Colonization
• Occurs when a microorganism invades and grows but
  does not cause disease or infection
• Disease occurs only after the pathogens multiply
  and cause problems with tissue function

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Chain of Infection

• Infectious agent
• and ability to produce disease
• Reservoir
• Places where the microorganism lives and
  survives H2O, humans, animals, organic matter
• Portal of exit must leave host
• Mode of transmission how it gets from one to
  another
• Portal of entry must have entrance
• Susceptible host amount of defenses

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Modes of Transmission

• Contact
• Air
• Vehicles
• Vector

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Defenses Against Infection

• Normal flora
• Body system defenses
• Inflammation
• Immune response

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Health CareAssociated Infection

• Patients with multiple illnesses, older adults,
  and the poorly nourished are more susceptible.
• Those with HIV, diabetes mellitus, and
  malignancies have a lowered resistance to
  microorganisms.
• Can be exogenous or endogenous
• Exogenous not part of normal body flora
• Endogenous part of normal body flora

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Asepsis

• Medical asepsis
• Use of clean techniques
• Hand hygiene, barrier technique, cleaning of
  environment and surfaces
• Surgical asepsis
• Highest level of protection
• Use of sterile techniques
• Surgical hand washing, gown, gloves, mask
• Nurses use this technique when doing sterile
  dressings or treatments

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Knowledge Base

• Infectious diseases create feelings of anxiety,
  frustration, and anger.
• Cultural, religious, or social beliefs influence
  reactions.
• Beliefs about disease and vaccination influence
  vaccination decisions.

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Infection Control

• Health promotion
• Nutrition
• Hygiene
• Immunization
• Adequate rest and regular exercise

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What to do When an Infection Occurs in Your
Patient

• Disinfect and sterilize all supplies
• Good hand washing prevents the spread
• Use of barriers, such as masks, gowns and gloves
  to control exposure
• Isolate if necessary to prevent spread

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Treatment of an Infection

• Must identify the organism
• Usually physician will prescribe and antibiotic
• Increase fluid intake if patient condition allows
• Allow for rest periods
• Change dressings as needed and dispose of
  dressing in containers
• May use compresses to site or may need to manage
  drainage tubes

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Controlling Infections

• Medical sepsis
• Control or elimination of infectious agents
• Cleaning
• Disinfection and sterilization
• Control or elimination of reservoirs
• Control of portals of entry
• Control of transmission
• Hand hygiene

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HAND WASHING

• Before contact with patients
• Before putting on sterile glove
• After removal of sterile gloves
• After contact with patients skin
• After contact with body fluids
• After contact with contaminated equiptment

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Infection Control

• Isolation and barrier protection
• Standard precautions
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Specimen collection
• Bagging
• Removal of protective equipment
• Transporting patients

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Infection Control

• Role of infection prevention and control
• Most health care facilities have infection
  control departments
• Collect and report infections and identify needs
• Health promotion in health care workers and
  patients
• Immunizations for employees
• Teaching reinforcement in infection control
  policies
• Manage job related infections
• Stay home if contagious