The Digestive System

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The Digestive System

• How we receive nutrients and energy to function.
• By Jayne Wadsworth, Melissa Turley, Anna
  Rathman, and Nicole Evans

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Animations
To view a movie about the Digestive system, click
below. ( wait until site fully loads then click
view movie to watch!)
http//brainpop.com/health/digestive/digestion/in
dex.weml
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The Digestive System
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The problems and diseases that can effect our
digestive systems.

• And how we try to prevent them and treat them.

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Cancers

• Cancers can effect nearly every organ in the
  digestive system.
• Digestive System Cancers
• Berretts esophagus-condition in which abnormal
  cells develop on the inner lining of the lower
  part of the esophagus
• carcinoid tumor-found in the appendix or the
  small intestine sometimes found in pancreas tumor
  of the network of glands that produce and secrete
  hormones into the bloodstream
• Primary liver cancer-two different types one type
  is hepatoma or hepatocellular carcinoma, arises
  from the main cells of the liver, usually
  confined to the liver other type
  cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer, starts in
  the cells lining the bile ducts, rare form
• Secondary liver cancers-
• There are also cancers of the stomach, esophagus,
  and pancreas

• The treatments for these cancers are mostly
  chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation therapy

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Diseases in the Stomach

• Gastritis-The mucous lining of the stomach is
  vulnerable to irritation this is an inflammation
  of the stomach lining. Can be irritated by
  alcohol or aspirin.
• Gastroenteritis is also an inflammatory condition
  of the lining of the stomach and the intestine.
  Caused by infection and/or food poisoning.
  Treatment includes medication and a restricted
  diet.
• Ulcers can not only happen in the stomach, but
  also the small and large intestine. An ulcer
  occurs when there is a break in the mucous
  membrane or skin of an organ. This results in an
  open sore. Treatments are for mild to moderate
  cases lower quantity of gastric acids and pepsin
  and medication. For severe cases that are at risk
  for death there is surgery.

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Diseases and Disorders in the Small and Large
Intestine

• Crohns Disease causes small nodules or masses
  tissue to become inflamed and to penetrate deeply
  into the walls of the intestine. Treatment
  includes bed rest and a new diet.
• Hernia is when a tissue or organ moves out of
  position and pushes against those nearby. Can be
  treated by surgery.
• Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine
  caused by parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia. It
  is also the most common cause of water borne
  disease in the United States.

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Oral Hygiene

• Oral hygiene is a primary concern because the
  mouth begins the whole digestion process. To
  prevent tooth decay, teeth should be brushed
  twice daily, primarily after meals and snacks.
  Teeth should also be flossed everyday to prevent
  gum disease.

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Diseases in the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• The most common disease of liver is viral
  hepatitis. It is caused by one of three closely
  related viruses transmitted to liver in different
  ways.
• In the liver, cirrhosis is often caused by
  alcoholism, previous infections, toxins, and/or
  malnutrition. Scarring, or fibrosis hampers
  normal duties. However, the liver can still
  function. Serious problems may result as the scar
  tissue blocks the flow of blood to and from the
  liver. Cirrhosis destroys the livers ability to
  kill invading bacteria and can halt production of
  protein.
• Cholecystitis is a disease found in the
  gallbladder, production of gallstones obstruct
  the free flow of bile. Gallstones are made up of
  a hard cholesterol mass formed in the gallbladder
  or in the nearby bile duct. The mass blocks the
  duct and inflames the gallbladder. Surgical
  removal of the gallbladder and cleaning out the
  bile duct is the treatment.
• Pancreatitis occurs in the pancreas and is an
  inflammation of the pancreas cells that secrete
  digestive juices.

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Problems

• Heartburn occurs when the upper part of the
  stomach is above the diaphragm, the muscle wall
  that separates the stomach from the chest. Drinks
  with caffeine, fatty and fried foods, garlic,
  onions, citrus fruits, chocolate, mint
  flavorings, spicy flavorings, and tomato-based
  foods can all make heartburn occur. Other factors
  are alcohol use, overweight, pregnancy, and
  smoking. Treatments include medication and a
  change in diet.

• Vomiting is another serious problem that occurs
  in the digestive system. Some causes are
  infection (viral stomach flu), food poisoning,
  motion sickness, over-eating, blocked intestine,
  other illnesses (such as high fever), and/or
  cough. The windpipe closes and the abdominal wall
  and diaphragm muscles tighten suddenly and
  forcefully. The stomach itself is limp, but then
  squeezed forcefully by the abdominal wall, it
  ejects any food or fluid up the esophagus and
  out. Vomiting can cause severe dehydration and
  more serious illness. Treatments include drink
  more liquid and rest.

Vomiting coming back up.
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Functions the Digestive system carry out in our
bodies.
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Mouth

• The mouth is where the digestion process
  begins,with chewing and with saliva. Also the
  mouth is also both mechanical and chemical.
  Saliva enzymes help break down food before it
  reaches the esophagus.

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Esophagus

• The esophagus is a long tube which connects the
  throat and stomach. The esophagus then moves the
  food slowly down to the stomach. The esophagus is
  a mechanical and it doesnt have any digestive
  secretion or enzyme.
• Peristalsis is used by the esophagus to transport
  food through the rest of the digestive tract. It
  is a muscle contraction that happens
  automatically and can sometimes be felt as gas in
  the abdomen.

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The Stomach
The stomach is made up of three layers Internal
mucous, Muscular layer,and Outer layer. The
stomach is where digestion begins. As soon as the
food enters the stomach the muscular layer
reduces it to a a small mass. The gastric juices
transform the proteins in your food to amino
acids with the help of pepsin.After this whole
process is completed the result is a liquid
called chyme. The chyme is later used in the
small intestine. The stomach is both mechanical
and chemical and it uses pepsin hydrochloric acid
and mucus for digestive secretions and enzymes.


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Small Large Intestine

The only purpose of the large intestine is to
store feces waiting to be passed later through
the rectum. The large intestine and doesnt have
any type of enzymes or digestive secretion. The
large intestine has a tiny tube with a closed end
coming off of it called the appendix. Although
the appendix is part of the digestive system, it
doesnt do anything.
The small intestine receives partially digested
foods from the stomach and absorb all the
nutrients in the bile from the stomach. It is
absorbed all along the small intestine by villi.
Which are little sacs inside on the wall of the
small intestine. The small intestine is a
chemical type of digestion and it uses pancreatic
juice enzymes and bile.
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Gall Bladder Pancreas

• The purposes of the gall bladder and pancreas
  are to store bile and release it into the stomach
  and small intestine. The pancreas has no type of
  digestion but it uses chyme. The gall bladder has
  neither types of digestion, digestive secretion,
  or enzyme.

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Liver

• The main function of the liver is to process
  nutrients in food and distribute it to other
  organs so that they can function. The liver is
  neither mechanical or chemical. Also the
  digestive secretion is bile.

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New Technologies

• Phytochemicals, if used daily, increase transit
  time in our digestive system therefore reducing
  lipid absorption.
• Organ replacement surgery can be done in order to
  replace damaged organs.
• Recent cloning advancements will soon allow
  scientist to clone organs, such as livers.

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Food Irradiation

• Irradiation eliminated disease-causing in food.
  Food doesnt become radioactive. Dangerous
  substances do not appear. And nutritional value
  remains unchanged.
• Nothing has gone wrong with irradiation in the US
  so far. However, there are a small number of
  fatal cases in other countries.

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Bibiliography

• http//www.innnerbody.com/htm/body.html
• http//www.niddk.hin.gov/index.htm
• http//encarta.msn.com
• Http//www.bigchalk.com
• Http//www.brainpop.com
• Http//www.britannica.com
• Http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmb/diseaseinfo/foodirr
  adiation.htmwhatis
• Http///www.mic.ki.se/diseases/c6.html
• http//www.leebs.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy8.html
• Http//www.viahealth.org/disease/digestive/howwork
  s.htm
• Http//www.gastro.org/public/yourdigest.html
• Http//yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/pg000
  126.html

• The Digestive System By Regina Avranom
• The Digestive System Introduction by Everett
  Koop, M.D., SC. D. Foreword by Sandra Thurman
• The Digestive System By Invisible World
• The Digestive System Dr. Alvin Silverstein,
  Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein
• The Human Body The Digestive System By
  Kathleen Elgin
• Human Body ByTime Life
• Body Systems MacMillan Health Encyclopedia
• The Body and How it Works Written by Steven
  Parker