10th American History Unit VI A Growing America

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10th American History Unit VI A Growing America

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Title: 10th American History Unit VI A Growing America


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10th American History Unit VI A Growing America
  • Chapter 19- The Industrial Age
  • Section 1 The Second Industrial Revolution

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The Second Industrial Revolution
  • The Big Idea
  • The Second Industrial Revolution led to new
    sources of power and advances in transportation
    and communication.
  • Main Ideas
  • Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom
    in railroad construction.
  • Advances in the use of oil and electricity
    improved communications and transportation.
  • A rush of inventions changed Americans lives.

3
Main Idea 1 Breakthroughs in steel processing
led to a boom in railroad construction.
  • Technological advances were important to Second
    Industrial Revolution, period of rapid growth in
    U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s
  • Bessemer process, invented mid-1850s, allowed
    steel to be produced quickly and cheaply.
  • Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons
    in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879
  • As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of
    building railroads, generating a boom in railroad
    construction.
  • Growth of railroads helped the country expand and
    prosper.
  • How did the Bessemer process change the steel
    industry?
  • How did the Bessemer process affect industry in
    the United States?

4
Making Steel
  • Bessemer Process- 1850s
  • Faster and Cheaper
  • 1873- 115,000 Tons / 1910- 24 million tons.
  • Transforms US economy into a modern industrial
    economy
  • Railroads, rails, bridges, and buildings.
  • Practical everyday items- like nails and wire.

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The Bessemer Process
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Main Idea 2Advances in the use of oil and
electricity improved communications and
transportation.
  • Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into
    fuel called kerosene in the 1850s.
  • Kerosene, which could be used for cooking,
    heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil.
  • A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump
    oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

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Development of Electricity
  • Invention
  • Inventor Thomas Edison, who held more than 1,000
    patents, worked to invent an electric light.
  • Edison and his team introduced the first
    practical electric lightbulb in 1879.
  • Spread
  • Edison created a power company to distribute
    electricity, but could not send it over long
    distances.
  • George Westinghouse built a power system that
    could send electricity many miles across the
    country.

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Thomas Edison
  • Thomas Alva Edison was one of Americas most
    famous inventors.
  • In 1876 Edison opened his own research laboratory
    in Menlo Park, New Jersey, where he hired
    assistants with scientific and technical
    expertise to think creatively and work hard.
  • Edison spent hours testing ideas, and his team
    soon invented the first phonograph and a
    telephone transmitter.
  • Edison was the first to come up with a safe
    electric light bulb that could light homes and
    street lamps.
  • He then undertook a venture to bring an
    electricity network to New York City, and in 1882
    he installed a lighting system powered by his own
    electric power plants similar to ones that were
    later built all over the U.S.
  • Edison and his team later invented a motion
    picture camera and projector. In all, he held
    over 1,000 U.S. patents.

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Thomas A. Edison 558
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Use of Oil and Electricity
  • What were some of the used of kerosene?
  • What problem did Thomas Edison face regarding the
    use of electricity, and how did he solve it?
  • What effect did competition have on the use of
    electricity?

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Main Idea 3A rush of inventions changed
Americans lives.
  • New telegraph technology connected the United
    States with Britain by cable in 1866.
  • Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in
    1876.
  • Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number
    rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million
    in 1900.

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Automobiles and Planes
  • The automobile industry grew in steps.
  • 1876 German engineer invented the
    gasoline-powered engine.
  • 1893 The United States built its first
    practical motorcar.
  • 1908 Henry Ford introduced the Model T.
  • Ford was first to implement the moving assembly
    line in manufacturing, making cars more
    affordable.
  • Wilbur and Orville Wright invented an airplane
    powered by a gas engine in 1903.

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Rush of Inventions
  • What advances were made in communication and
    transportation?
  • How did telephones improve communication?
  • How do you think telephones and automobiles
    changed the lives of people who used them?

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Wilbur and Orville Wright- 246
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City Growth Spurs Transportation Advances
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Advances in Transportation and Communication
  • Streetcars- Horse drawn mass transit. 1830s.
    1900s electric.
  • Subways- 1897- first underground rail system-
    Boston
  • Automobiles- horse-less carriage
  • Airplanes- 1903- Wilber and Orville Wright
  • Telegraph- 1837 Samuel Morse, Morse code. Used
    by Railroad for fast communication.
  • Telephone- 1876 Alexander Graham Bell. 1900 over
    a million phones.
  • Typewriter- 1876
  • Thomas A. Edison- Electric Light bulb,
    phonograph, motion picture camera and projector.

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Inventors Revolutionize Communication
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Consumerism, Department Stores, and City Life
(0354)
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Mass Marketing
  • Retail merchants desire to maximize profits.
  • Brand Names and advertising aimed at women.
  • Department stores

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Mass Marketing
  • Urban shopping
  • Earliest shopping center- Cleveland, Ohio in
    1890. 4 levels, Glass, Band music, and elegant
    environment.
  • Retail Shopping districts- with public
    transportation

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Mass Marketing
  • Department Stores
  • Made shopping easier- anyone could shop there.
  • Different goods under one roof in separate
    departments.
  • Marshall Field brought the concept to America in
    Chicago. A store with several floors of
    specialized departments.
  • Offered a variety of personal services.
  • Give the Lady what she wants
  • The Bargain basement- less expensive but
    reliable.

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Mass Marketing
  • The Chain Store
  • Retail stores offering the same merchandise under
    the same ownership
  • Sold goods for less- by buying in quantity and
    limiting personal service.
  • 1870s- F.W. Woolworth- 5 and Dime Stores.
    Offered the costumer items at very low prices.
    1911- 596 stores and Millions of dollars in goods
    per week.

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Mass Marketing
  • Advertising
  • Modern consumerism caused an explosion in
    advertising.
  • 1865-10 million, but in 1900- 95 million
  • Patent medicine was the largest advertiser
  • Newspapers, magazines, and signs on barns,
    houses, billboards and even rocks.

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Mass Marketing
  • Catalogs and RFD
  • Bringing the retail merchandise to small towns.
  • Mail order catalogs.
  • 1910- 10 million shopped by mail
  • RFD- Post office introduces - Rural Free
    Delivery- brought packages directly to every home.

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City Goods for Country Consumers
  • American Farm family- Historically
  • Made everything for themselves
  • House, furniture, clothing, etc.
  • Bought pots and pans from peddlers.
  • Few ready made things to buy.
  • Things changed after the Civil War, but to get
    the new goods farm families still had to go the
    nearest village general store.
  • No place for bargains- General store manager
    could not get whole sale prices and things were
    expensive.
  • Things got old and dusty on shelves and cost a
    lot for shipping.

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Things by the millions
  • Machine tool industry
  • Parent industry- machines for making machines.
    Often metal-cutting tools.
  • Standard Fasteners- nuts and bolts.
  • Efficiency Experts
  • Old way- Rule of Thumb
  • Fredrick W. Taylor- Scientific Management
  • Steel industry
  • Better shovel more production, more efficient
    work, less workers needed, and better pay for
    workers.
  • Thomas Edison and Invention.- Light bulb,
    phongraph, kinetoscope, etc.

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Montgomery Ward
  • 1872 Montgomery Ward-First Mail-Order House
  • Revolutionary idea of a dry goods mail-order
    business
  • Rural customers often wanted "city" goods but
    were often victimized by monopolists and no
    guarantee of quality.
  • Eliminating intermediaries, cut costs and make a
    wide variety of goods available to rural
    customers,
  • Ward started his business,with two partners and
    using 1,600 they had raised in capital.
  • The first catalog in August 1872 consisted of a 8
    by 12 in. single-sheet price list, showing 163
    articles for sale with ordering instructions.
    Ward himself wrote the first catalog copy.
  • By 1904, three million catalogs weighing 4 pounds
    each were being mailed to customers. Ward's early
    customers were primarily from rural America,
    lured by a large selection of items and a promise
    of "satisfaction guaranteed."

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Montgomery Ward
  • 1883- catalog, popularly known as the "Wish
    Book-240 pages and 10,000 items.
  • 1886-first serious competition in the mail order
    business, Sears and Roebuck.
  • 1900- Wards had total sales of 8.7 million10
    million for Sears.
  • 1904- Ward mailed out three million catalogs
    weighing 4 pounds to customers.
  • 1908- Ward company opened a 1.25 million ft²
    (116,000 m²) catalog warehouse along the north
    side of the Chicago River downtown Chicago.
    served as the company headquarters until 1974.
    It was declared a National Historic Landmark in
    1978 and a Chicago historic landmark in May
    2000.

35
Montgomery Ward
  • The company remained exclusively a mail-order
    business until 1926, when the first Montgomery
    Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana. By
    1929, the total number of stores was 531.
  • In 1939, staff copywriter Robert L. May created
    the character of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer
    as part of a Christmas sales promotion for the
    company. Six million copies of the storybook were
    distributed in 1946.
  • By the 1960's the mail-order business was fading.
    The catalog ceased to exist in 1985. The managers
    of the company tried various rescue strategies to
    no avail. Wards had been bought and sold several
    times when it announced in December 2000 that the
    company was closing and its 37,000 employees
    would be terminated.

36
Sears and Roebuck 1902 Catalog
37
Sears and Roebuck
  • It is often said that at the turn of the century
    the Sears Catalog had become one of the two books
    that rural folks ever read! Its contents
    described products which rural folks had never
    even dreamed. Promises of "Free Trial Offer" and
    "Money-Back Guarantee" enticed farmers and their
    families to buy products that they could have
    never imagined nor afforded prior to Sears's
    offerings. A new age of American consumer
    democracy enabled the working poor and the
    geographically isolated to purchase items that
    had never before been available to them.

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Sears and Roebuck- the promise
  • Go-Getters Richard Sears (jewelry salesman) and
    his partner Alvah Roebuck (a watchmaker/print
    shop owner) began to make catalogs.
  • Sears developed a quick drying ink, systems of
    color printing and thinner paper to make the
    catalog cheaper to make.
  • Keys for Mail Order Catalogs to have success were
  • Had to have customer trust
  • Customers had to have adequate income.
  • Postal service must be adequate
  • There must be a variety and quality of goods.
  • There had to be presses large enough to print the
    catalogs.
  • Need a iron clad money back guarantee

39
Sears and Roebuck
  • Roebuck began producing a catalog-type mailing of
    their wares in 1888 which offered mainly watches,
    jewelry and silverware.
  • Sears would release a new catalog when he felt
    that he had enough merchandise to sell, or when
    the economy dictated that prices needed to be
    changed.

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Sears and Roebuck
  • Gradually it became obvious that the most popular
    items Sears sold during the 1890s were sewing
    machines, bicycles (It is said that the company
    sold 100,000 bicycles in one year!) and cream
    separators -- durable, long-lasting items.

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Sears and Roebuck
  • 1891As the 1890s began, Sears's operation was
    still associated specifically with the watch and
    jewelry market, and the 1891 catalog was 32-pages
    of watches with an 8-page insert of jewelry and
    sewing machines which fit into a business
    envelope. Customers were offered the opportunity
    to purchase C.O.D., but all orders required a 1
    good faith deposit

42
1893Then in 1893 Sears, Roebuck Company was
formally incorporated. Sears would buy whatever
surplus and distressed bargain merchandise he
could from manufacturers and wholesalers, and
then resell it to the public. The 196-page 1893
catalog contained more firearms, as well as
furniture, appliances, men's clothing, buggies
and bicycles. Customers could still buy C.O.D.,
but Sears no longer required the 1 deposit. Even
so, for the first time customers had to pay 3
cents to receive a copy of the catalog.
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Sears and Roebuck
  • 1894Women's apparel was added in 1894 along with
    more furniture, books, wagons and many other
    miscellaneous items.
  • Also in 1894, Sears, Roebuck Company which was
    still located in Minneapolis and employed 80
    people, opened a branch location in Chicago,
    which eventually became the home office. This
    enabled Sears to utilize Chicago's central
    location to an advantage, also allowing for
    better competition with Montgomery Ward.

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Sears and Roebuck
  • 1896Groceries became a part of the catalog in
    1896 with items such as sugar, flour, canned
    goods and preserves, cured meats, and coffee,
    etc. Patented medicines, drugs and a variety of
    household remedies were also part of the new
    product line.

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Sears and Roebuck
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Sears and Roebuck
  • The catalogs provide an invaluable record of
    material culture of American life by showing us
    what people needed in everyday life and what they
    wished for in their everyday dreams.
  • The Sears catalogs are a vast diary of the times
    and provide a glimpse into the not so distant
    past of our ancestors. They also are a record of
    American progress and technological advances.
  • The catalogs were fondly referred to as "The
    Farmer's Bible" and "The Nation's Wish Book," and
    are considered collectors items today as well as
    valuable resources for scholarly research.

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