Rape on College Campuses

1
Rape on College Campuses
BRONX HIGH SCHOOL of SCIENCE TEACHER MARY
VILLANI FORENSIC SCIENCE SBF5-02 2001-2002
2
THE PROBLEM

• The risk of being raped is four times greater for
  women aged 16 to 24 than any other age group.
• One in four college women surveyed are victims of
  rape or attempted rape.
• One out of every 15 college men reported
  attempting or committing a rape.
• Date rape drugs only cost approximately 1.25 per
  pill.

• 73 of those people who have been classified as
  raped do not think that they were raped.
• A startling 75 of all rape cases are committed
  by acquaintances of the victim. The victim might
  know the person by name, might know him from
  classes or school, or maybe just met him at a
  party.
• 42 of these rapes will never be reported.

3
PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLE HAVING AT LEAST ONE
VICTIMIZATION INCIDENT IN 1999
4
LOCATIONS OF RAPE INCIDENTS OVER A THREE YEAR
TIME PERIOD
5
AMOUNT OF RAPE INCIDENTS OVER A THREE YEAR TIME
PERIOD
6
THE CAUSES

• The three causes of rape are victim
  precipitation, male pathology and male hostility.
  
• A lack of information on how to avoid situations
  that are favorable to rape.
• Experimentation with drugs and alcohol by 25 of
  all college students leads to poor judgement, and
  is one of the top causes of rape on college
  campuses.
• Prior sexual and physical abuse (either observed
  or experienced within the family) affect both the
  victim and aggressor.
• The fact that very few rapes (only 42) get
  reported empowers the rapists, who then go on to
  commit more crimes.
• Another possible cause of date rape can be linked
  to traditional "sex-roles." Which includes the
  premise that the man makes the first move toward
  having sex. Men are naturally dominant and
  aggressive.

7
FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE

• The ridges of a fingerprint are formed by the
  dermal papillae during fetal development and
  remain permanent throughout ones lifetime.
• Fingerprints can be grouped into whorls, loops,
  and arches.
• Invisible prints are made by perspiration and
  other substances on the skin surface. They
  require development by a latent fingerprint
  examiner or physical science technician.
• Visible prints are made in soft pliable
  substances such as putty, modeling clay, etc.
• Fingerprints on non-porous surfaces tend to be
  more fragile since the oils can easily be wiped
  away or smudged.
• Porous surfaces tend to be better for lifting
  fingerprints since the oils form the skin are
  absorbed.

8
DETECTING PROCESSING FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE

• Super glue fuming is one method used to develop
  fingerprints. The glue is heated and the fumes
  are directed onto the surface so that a print
  forms. This method is especially useful in rape
  cases. Once a print is dusted, it is lifted and
  analyzed. The ridge characteristics are compared
  to the control specimen.
• Powder is often used to lift prints from
  non-porous surfaces. Black and gray powders are
  mostly used, and each is applied to a contrasting
  surface.
• Latent fingerprints may be visualized by exposure
  to laser light. Precipitation contains numerous
  components that become flourescent when lit with
  a n argon-ion laser. The results are then
  photographed through specially selected film.

9
SHOEPRINT EVIDENCE

• Shoeprints are routinely left behind at a crime
  scene in both print and impression forms. Prints
  are two-dimensional, while impressions are
  three-dimensional.
• Before lifting a shoeprint, photographs must be
  taken.
• Two-dimensional shoeprints (found on hard
  surfaces) should be lifted as if they were
  fingerprints.
• Certain surfaces may permit the use of an
  electrostatic lift. This device lifts impressions
  from porous and nonporous surfaces, but does not
  work if the impressions are wet or become wet.
• Casts should be made from three-dimensional
  shoeprints (found on soft surfaces) using dental
  stone or a silicone casting material.
• The impression is first stabilized with a spray
  and then powdered to allow easy lifting.

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COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE DURING THE MEDICAL
EXAMINATION OF THE RAPE VICTIM

• Physical evidence to be collected
• vaginal swabs,
• oral and anal swabs,
• pubic combing,
• head and pubic hair controls,
• saliva sample,
• blood sample,
• fingerprint scrapings,
• all clothing.

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ITEMS ROUTINELY COLLECTED FROM SUSPECTS

• All clothing,
• pubic hair combing,
• forcibly removed head and pubic hair controls,
• saliva and blood samples.

12
FORENSIC SEROLOGY

• An analysis must be performed on a stain to
  determine whether or not it is actually blood. If
  the sample is blood, the species must then be
  determined.
• Conventional serological analysis analyzes the
  proteins, enzymes, and antigens that are found in
  blood.
• If the blood sample is human, it goes on to
  further identification and then
  individualization.
• Blood analysis is a comparison analysis. The
  victims blood and the suspects blood must be
  compared to the blood found at the crime scene.
• Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
  DNA analysis directly analyzes certain DNA
  sequences found in white blood cells.
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA analysis
  analyzes DNA sequences that have been replicated
  numerous times. This procedure works well with
  small samples of blood. It, however, cannot
  individualize a blood sample.
• Currently, United State courts do not accept
  blood evidence as something which can be
  absolutely linked to an individual. It can only
  be tied to a person with a high degree of
  probability.

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IS THE RED STAIN BLOOD?

• Benzidine color test,
• Phenophthalein test,
• Leukomylokite test,
• Luminol test,
• Microcrystalline test.

14
SEMINAL STAINS

• Seminal stains found at a crime scene are
  collected with cotton swab and placed in an
  airtight container so that they may not be
  contaminated.
• A spermatozoa search is a microscopic analysis
  where sperm cells are visually observed.
• The acid phospatase is a presumptive analysis
  that test for the general existence of semen.
• Anti P-30 is a quantitative and qualitative test
  that identifies the presence of protein P-30
  (found only in human semen). This test may also
  serve to individualize seminal evidence.
• DNA analysis to determine if the DNA pattern
  extracted from a crime scene semen stain matches
  the DNA pattern of the suspect
• RFLP,
• PCR.

15
RFLP ANALYSIS OF SEMEN FOUND AT A CRIME SCENE

• The restriction fragment length polymorphism or
  RFLP examines DNA sequences of base pairs in a
  section of a DNA strand with a high probability
  of being entirely unique to the donor. When a
  match is found, there is no question that the
  donor was at the scene of the crime.
• Unfortunately, the RFLP requires many sample
  cells from the crime scene like several strands
  of hair, large splatters of blood, or large
  amounts of semen. The cells have to be fresh,
  too--that is, undamaged and recently dead.

16
PCR ANALYSIS OF SEMEN FOUND AT A CRIME SCENE

• PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, isnt quite as
  accurate. The test can be performed with minute
  crime scene samples, to, which helps
  investigators who have little physical evidence.
• The PCR method involves copying the available DNA
  and analyzing only one specific gene, oftentimes
  the gene called HLA DQ alpha.
• Geneticists look for certain types of the gene to
  determine matches. If no match is found, the
  donor was not at the crime scene. Matches are not
  conclusive, however, because many people may have
  the same types of a specific gene.

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EVIDENCE COLLECTION POLICY

• Evidence should be collected within 72 hours of
  the incident.
• Wet body fluids should be collected with a gauze
  pad, allow to air dry, then placed in a
  breathable paper bag.
• Dry fluids should be picked up with a moistened
  cloth.
• Fibers found must be placed in a sealed envelope.
• A garment should be kept separate from other
  objects and laid on a clean sheet of paper.
• All evidence must maintain the chain of custody.

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COLLEGE POLICIES

• Sex offenses may initially be reported to
  security officers, directors of physical plants
  and security, vice presidents of student affairs
  Dean of Students, or student health services.
• Both the accuser and the accused are entitled to
  the same opportunities to have others present
  during disciplinary hearings.
• Both the accuser and the accused shall be
  informed of the outcome of the any such
  disciplinary hearing.
• All concerned are advised of the importance of
  preserving evidence which ultimately may be
  needed to prove criminal sexual assault.
• If there is a reasonable likelihood to suspect
  that forcible criminal sexual assault has
  occurred on the college campus, the responsible
  official shall then contact their local New York
  Police Department precinct for assistance.

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STATE POLICIES

• Students have the right to a fair hearing.
• Both the accused and the accuser may have an
  individual of their choice present to advise or
  support him or her. This individual may only
  provide support and may not actively participate
  in the hearing.
• Both the accused and the accuser may submit a
  written statement and request to the Office of
  Student Judicial Affairs that witnesses be called
  on their behalf. The college may call and
  question witnesses.
• During the hearing, both the accused and the
  accuser shall be given the opportunity to testify
  and present evidence.
• Both the accused and the accuser shall be
  provided with the outcome within 48 hours. If an
  accused student is found in violation and
  appeals, the accuser will be notified of further
  decisions.
• Sanctions to be imposed upon students by the
  university are varied and depend on the degree of
  severity of the violation.
• When sanctions are imposed, consideration will be
  given to the individual mitigating circumstances,
  as well as past actions.

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FEDERAL POLICIES

• The Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of
  1990, requires colleges and universities to
  automatically provide current students and staff
  with basic campus crime statistics and security
  policies.
• The Campus Sexual Assault Victims Bill of Rights
  of 1992, requires colleges and universities to
  afford campus sexual assault survivors certain
  basic rights, including assistance in notifying
  the police.
• The Foley Amendment of 1998 made the final
  results of student disciplinary cases where a
  student has been found to have broken a school
  rule in association with a crime of violence or
  non-forcible sex offense no longer protected from
  disclosure under federal student privacy laws.
• The Jeanne Cleary Disclosure of Campus Security
  Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act of 1998
  amended the 1990 Campus Security Act. It
  eliminated loopholes and expand reporting
  requirements.
• Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act of 2000 provided
  for the collection and disclosure of information
  about convicted and registered sex offenders
  either enrolled or employed by institutions of
  higher education.

21
THE MOST EFFECTIVE FEASIBLE POLICY

• Education programs on security and rape.
• Warnings of dangerous areas on campus.
• Simple reporting procedures.
• Immediate contact of law enforcement agencies.
• Greater penalties for offenders.
• Distribution of campus safety reports.
• A 24-hour/7 days-a-week hotline.

22
REFERENCES

• The Problem
• webpages.marshall.edu/pressman1/rape.html
• www.vix.com/men/falsereport/daterape/gilbert,html
• www.printz.usm.edu/features/11-23rape.html
• www.geocities.com/sapacmu/statistics.htm
• abcnews.go.com/sections/us/dailynews/campusrape010
  126.html
• The Causes
• www.printz.usm.edu/features/11-23rape.html
• www.mincava.umn.edu/warters.htm
• www.cnn.com/us/9709.17/rape/drugs/
• www.ufcws.org/pubs/familytimes/daterape.html

• Fingerprint Evidence
• http//www.thrissurpolice.com/organisation/special
  cells.htm
• http//onin.com/fp/lpcollection.html
• http//kancrn.kckps.k12.ks.us/northwest/kavaver/Fi
  ngerprints.html
• http//members.aol.com/dbarnesphd/latskin.htm
• http//www.optel.com.pl/article/english/article2.h
  tm
• http//www.rit.edu/vjrnts/forensics/labs/lab3/lab
  3.html
• http//www.eecs.umich.edu/mathscience/funexperimen
  ts/agesubject/lessons/prints.html
• http//www.e-fingerprints.net/
• http//www.state.ar.us/crimelab/fingerprint.html
• http//www.llcc.cc.il.us/justice/forensic/latentpr
  ints.html

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REFERENCES

• Shoeprint Evidence
• www.poliisi.fi/wgm/shoeprin.htm
• forensic.to/links/pages/Forensic_Sciences/Field_of
  _expertise/ Toolmarks_shoeprints_locks/
• www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/handbook/examshoe.htm
• home2.pi.be/volckery/Library_Shoeprints.htm
• www.bvda.com/EN/sect3/en_3_6a.html
• www.fmedsci.com/links/forensic3-15.htm
• www.corpa.com/links/Forensic_Sciences/Toolmarks_Sh
  oeprints_Locks/

• Forensic Serology
• http//www.thrissurpolice.com/organisation/special
  cells.htm
• http//onin.com/fp/lpcollection.html
• http//kancrn.kckps.k12.ks.us/northwest/kavaver/Fi
  ngerprints.html
• http//members.aol.com/dbarnesphd/latskin.htm
• http//www.optel.com.pl/article/english/article2.h
  tm
• http//www.rit.edu/vjrnts/forensics/labs/lab3/lab
  3.html
• http//www.eecs.umich.edu/mathscience/funexperimen
  ts/agesubject/lessons/prints.html
• http//www.e-fingerprints.net/
• http//www.state.ar.us/crimelab/fingerprint.html
• http//www.llcc.cc.il.us/justice/forensic/latentpr
  ints.html

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REFERENCES

• Seminal Stains
• www.geneticid.com/we3004.htm
• www.vetsci.sdstate.edu/xnews/submiss.html
• www.crestwoodbabies.com/semenanalysis.cfm
• www.fertility-docs.com/sperm_eval.phtml
• www.derma.uni-jena.de/03forsch/labors/lbandro.html
  
• bioinformatics.weizmann.ac.il/mb/bioguide/pcr/cont
  ents.html
• www.ornl.gov/hgmis/elsi/forensics.html
• www.firearmsid.com/KSP20EvidenceManual/Biologica
  l20Evidence.htm
• www.ecc.cc.mo.us
• www.med.utah.edu/andrology/photo_gallery.html
• www.astm.org/JOURNAL/FORENSIC/PAGES/672.htm

• Policy
• www.udel.edu/ExecVP/polprod/4-46.htm
• www.coppin.edu/policy/rules/sexual_assault.asp
• www.emerson.edu/student_life/dean/rasp.html
• www.naz.edu/dept/security_safety/policy.html
• www.jsu.edu/depart/upd/csa.html
• www.uq.edu
• www.chapman.edu/studlife/safety
• www.columbia.edu/cu/facets/9-98/54.html
• www.rad-systems/com
• www.cloudccc.cc.ks.us/security/security.htm
• www.brevard.edu.campus_life/ferpa.html
• web.bsu.edu/housing/policies/violence.html
• www.campussecurity.org
• www.csun.edu/shcenter/alert/sapol.html

25
REFERENCES

• Lab Policy
• www.genticid.com/we03004.htm
• www.bigate.com/endabuse/html/right.html
• Evidence Collection
• www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html

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REFERENCES IMAGES

• Title Page
• www.cnn.com/us/9911/24/amherst.rapes/
• Problem
• www.bgky.org/ crimestatistics.htm
• campusafety.org
• www.ncirs.org/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf
• http//www.newu.uci.edu/archive/2000-2001/fall/001
  120/archive-001120.html
• Fingerprints
• www.hibernisbank.com//hb-identity-idex.shtml
• rleweb.mit.edu/groups/g-sen.htm
• www.ncis.navy.milllocations/SanDiego/forensicslab.
  htm
• www.uwrf.edu/sj83/
• www.detectoprint.com/default.htm
• www.tritechusa.com/crime/latentkits.htm
• www.crimelibrary.com/forensics/crime/6.htm

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REFERENCES IMAGES

• Shoeprints
• http//www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/handbook/examshoe.htmLi
  fting20Two-Dimensional20Impressions
• Collection of Evidence
• www.crime-scene.com/ecpi/ serology_drug.html
• Items Collected from Suspect
• www.carleton.ca/jmc/cnews/ 01122000/n5.htm
• Seminal Stains
• http//www.med.utah.edu/andrology/photo_gallery.ht
  ml
• RFLP Analysis
• http//www.mdch.state.mi.us/pha/bofl/DivInfDis/MEp
  iUt.htm
• PCR Analysis
• www.barc.usda.gov/ psi/fl/pcr.jpg
• Evidence Collection
• www.redwop.com/product.asplplD2065
• Serology
• www.unh.edu/nhvd/serolog.htm
• www.state.sd.us/doh/images/serology20test20photo
  .jpg

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BRONX HIGH SCHOOLOF SCIENCE 2002

• TEACHER MARY VILLANI
• STUDENT LEADER/COORDINATORS
• ERICA FUTTERMAN
• YOON JI KIM
• TANESHA MCFARLANE
• PRODUCTION STAFF
• AMSTER, LAUREN
• ARBITMAN, CARLY
• ARIAS, DIANA
• BLUE, NATIRA
• BOECKMAN, SARAH
• BOYD, NYJHA
• CHAN, YING YEE
• CHEN, DAVID
• DOMINGUEZ, EMANUEL
• ESPINAL, RAYMOND
• HO, DONNA

• LASHLEY, KATE
• MA, VIVIAN
• MALDONADO, MICHELENE
• MARIANSKI, ADAM
• MARTINEZ, RICARDO
• MELOY, DANIEL
• MOON, SAMUEL
• QUINN, JAY
• RAGUSA, JESSICA
• RIENECKER, JESSICA
• SANTKOVSKY, INNA
• SINGH, NALYNIE
• SINGH, SARASWATI
• SUN, LINDA
• TECHARATANAPRAS, SUTEE
• WANG, AMY
• WILLIS-ARONOWIT, NONA
• WONG, JAMES
• WU, CONG