Water, Water, Everywhere, but

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Water, Water, Everywhere, but

• How safe is any of it to drink?

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Water Availability
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Water Cycle
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Groundwater Healthy System
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Groundwater system
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Water Pollution

• SOURCES AND TYPES see p. 479 in text for full
  description
• Disease causing agentsbacteria, viruses, worms
• Oxygen-demanding wastes
• Water-soluble inorganic chemicalsacids, salts,
  metals

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Water Pollution Causes Cont.

• Inorganic plant nutrients
• Organic chemicals oil, gasoline, solvents
• Sediment or suspended matter
• Radioactive substance

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Sources of Water Pollution

• Point Sources
• Discharge pollutants at specific locations
  through pipes, ditches, or sewers into surface
  waters
• Factories, sewage treatment plants, active or
  abandoned mines oil wells, oil tankers

• Nonpoint sources
• Cannot be traced to a single site of discharge
  large poorly defined areas
• Runoff of chemicals into surface water, seepage
  into ground from cropland, livestock feedlots,
  streets, lawns, septic tanks, construction sites,
  roadways

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Sources of Surface Water Pollution
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Sources of groundwater pollution
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River/Stream Pollution

• Because they flow, most streams and rivers will
  recover rapidly from pollution unless
• flow is reduced by drought, damming, or diversion
  for agriculture and industries

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River Pollution
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Lake, reservoir, and estuary pollution

• More vulnerable due to
• Stratified layers
• little or slow flow rate
• Cultural eutrophication can occur from the
  addition of phosphates and nitrates

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Cultural Eutrophication

• Phosphates and nitrates are introduced into a
  body of water
• this produces dense growths of plants (algae,
  cyanobacteria, water hyacinths)
• Plants die naturally
• Bacteria deplete dissolved oxygen as they
  decompose plants
• Fish and other water dwelling animals die
• Extreme cases result in anaerobic bacteria growth-

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Dissolved Oxygen - an indication of water health
See Page 481 in Miller Text
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Everglades

• Problem
• Agriculture -sugar cane and citrus groves
• 5 million people
• Cattle farms
• Past water management practices

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Everglades Solutions

• Restore twists and turns in the Kissimmee River
  system when possible
• Control cattle waste run off
• Agriculture run off not returned to Okeechobee
  River
• Mow or spray water plants when out of control
• Irrigation of citrus groves use drip method

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Biomagnification

• A toxic substance is found in small amounts low
  in the food chain
• Each tropic level up the pyramid the toxin
  becomes concentrated
• The greatest amount of toxin is accumulated at
  top of the pyramid

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Biological Magnification
See Page 465 Of Maders book
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Biomagnification
See Page 484 of 9th ed of Miller Text This shows
PCB magnification