Streissguth et al.1994

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Streissguth et al.(1994)

• Seattle Longitudinal study started in 1974 to
  examined long term effects of PAE
• At this point there was little evidence that
  alcohol was teratogenic.
• Looked at 3 main teratogenic outcomes
• Growth, morphology, function
• Prospective population-based study, that was
  generalizable

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• Interviewed 1529 women from two hospitals during
  the 5th month of pregnancy
• Asked about many prenatal health factors.
• Drinking during pregnancy was common
• Women tended to be honest
• Represented various SES
• Use of other drugs was low
• About 80 reported some alcohol use during
  pregnancy

3

• Averaged over 1 drink per day before pregnancy
  was known, and lt1 drink per day at mid-pregnancy
• Average drinking occasions were 9 per month
• 39 binge drinkers before pregnancy was known and
  25 binge drinkers at mid-pregnancy
• 8 had a major alcohol problem

4

• Selected a follow-up cohort sample of 500
  subjects
• Less than half were infrequent drinkers or
  abstained from alcohol
• Others were light to heavy drinkers
• Majority were white, married, middle class
• IV alcohol use during pregnancy
• Offspring were examined at day 1 and 2 of life, 8
  and 18 months, 4, 7, and 14 years (teacher
  evaluations at 8 and 11 years).
• At 14 years, 82 of original sample was retained

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• Correlation between PAE and IQ of child

X PAE
Y IQ
6
X PAE
Y IQ
Z
7
X PAE
Y IQ
Z
8
X PAE
Y IQ
Z1
Z3
Z2
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• Multiple Regression is used when there is more
  than one predictor variable.
• If you are predicting IQ scores in children you
  may have many predictor variables PAE, drug use,
  smoking, maternal IQ, nutrition, SES
• You can predict DV (IQ) based on all three
  predictors, which usually is more accurate than
  one predictor.
• Allows the researcher to simultaneously consider
  the influence of each predictor variables on the
  outcome variable.

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X PAE
Y IQ
Z
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• Partial Least Squares is used when there are
  multiple predictor variables and multiple outcome
  variables.

Y3 Memory
X PAE
Y1 IQ
Z
Y2 Behavior
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Infancy and early childhood

• Poor habituation, reflexes
• Low arousal, sleep-wake disruptions
• Tremors, poor sucking response
• 8 months decreases in mental and motor
  development
• 4 years decrease in IQ, balance, reaction time,
  arithmetic

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School-age

• PAE no longer related to size, but still to
  facial morphology in highly exposed children
• Spatial and verbal memory, problem solving,
  perceptual motor function
• Average 7 point decrease in IQ associated with 1
  ounces of alcohol per day.
• Arithmetic and reading, digit span

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Late childhood and adolescence

• Distractibility, restlessness, lack of
  persistence, not meeting challenges
• Learning and reasoning problems
• Arithmetic, memory
• Attention, Inhibition

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Conclusions

• Alcohol not consistency associated with growth
• Facial dysmorphology decreased with age
• Strongest effects on neurobehavioral functioning
• Effects were generally dose-dependent, no
  threshold
• Binge drinking salient