The Closing of the Western Frontier

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The Closing of the Western Frontier
by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
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Essential Questions

• What national issues emerged in the process of
  closing the western frontier?
• Why does the West hold such an important place in
  the American imagination?
• In what ways is the West romanticized in American
  culture?

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Key Tensions
Native Americans
Buffalo HuntersRailroadsU. S. Government
Cattlemen
Sheep Herders
Ranchers
Farmers
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Key Tensions
EthnicMinorities
Nativists
Big Business Interests mining,
timberLocal Govt. OfficialsFarmersBuffalo
Hunters
Environmentalists
Lawlessness of the Frontier
Civilizing Forces
The Romance of the West
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the Railroad builders
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Railroad Construction
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The Big Four Railroad Magnates
Charles Crocker
Collis Huntington
Mark Hopkins
Leland Stanford
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Promontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)
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the cowboys
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The Bronc BusterFrederick Remington
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Black Cowboys
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the GUNSLINGERS
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Colt .45 Revolver
God didnt make men equal.Colonel Colt did!
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Legendary Gunslingers Train Robbers
Jesse James
Billy the Kid
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Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890
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the MINERS
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Prospecting
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Mining Centers 1900
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Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)
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Mining (Boom) Towns--Now Ghost Towns
Calico, CA
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The Cattlemen the Sheep herders
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The Cattle Trails
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Land Use 1880s
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New AgriculturalTechnology
Steel Plow Sod Buster
Prairie FanWater Pump
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Barbed Wire
Joseph Glidden
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The Range Wars
SheepHerders
CattleRanchers
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Minority groups in the West
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Regional Population Distributionby Race 1900
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Regional Population Distributionby Race 1900
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BlackExodusterHomesteaders
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Blacks Moving West
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The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains
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A Romantic View
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The Buffalo Soldiers the Indian Wars
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The Chinese Question

• Exclusion Act (1882) - Oriental Exclusion
  Act - Chinese Exclusion Act

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The Tong Wars 1850s-1920s
Began in San Francisco in 1875.
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African American ChinesePopulations1880-1900
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The Farmers
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Frontier Settlements 1870-1890
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Homesteads From Public Lands
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1887LandPromotionPosterfor theDakotaTerritor
ies
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What is the Message of this Picture?
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The Realty--A Pioneers Sod House, SD
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Rain Follows the Plow!
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Frederick Jackson Turner
The Significance of the Frontier in American
Society (1893)
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Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
Francis Newlands
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the plains indians
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Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)
ColoradoGold Rush (1859)
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Colonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big and little!Sandy Creek,
CO MassacreNovember 29, 1864
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Capt. William J. Fetterman
80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866
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2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)
Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)
ReservationPolicy
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Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota
Territory! 1874
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The Battle of Little Big Horn1876
Gen. GeorgeArmstrong Custer
Chief Sitting Bull
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Chief Joseph I will fight no more
forever!
Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)
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Geronimo, Apache Chief Hopeless Cause
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Helen Hunt Jackson
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
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Susette La Flesche
Omaha Indian ? lecture tour on Native American
issues in the 1870s
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)Assimilation Policy
Carlisle Indian School, PA
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Arapahoe Ghost Dance, 1890
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Chief Big Foots Lifeless BodyWounded Knee, SD,
1890
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Indian Reservations Today
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Crazy Horse MonumentBlack Hills, SD
Lakota Chief
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Korczak Ziolkowski, SculptorCrazy Horse Monument
His vision of the finished memorial.
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Mt. Rushmore Black Hills, SD
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the myth legend of the west
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The Traditional View of the West
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William Buffalo Bill Codys Wild West Show
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Buffalo Bill Cody Sitting Bull
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Legendary Female Western Characters
Calamity Jane
Annie Oakley
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The Fall of the CowboyFrederick Remington
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what were the long-term effects of the
westward experience?
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Destruction of the Buffalo Herds
The near extinction of the buffalo.
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Yellowstone National Park
First national park established in 1872.
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National Parks
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Conservation Movement
John Muir
With President Theodore Roosevelt
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Sierra Club
Founded in 1892