23/01/2006 O.Casali

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(No Transcript)
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La desertificazione nella letteratura

• Quelle terre si sono andate progressivamente
  impoverendo le foreste sono state tagliate, i
  fiumi si sono fatti torrenti, gli animali si sono
  diradati, invece degli alberi e dei boschi, ci si
  è ostinati a coltivare grano in terre inadatte.
  Non ci sono capitali, non cè industria, non cè
  risparmio, non ci sono scuole, lemigrazione è
  diventata impossibile le tasse sono
  insopportabili e sproporzionate e dappertutto
  regna la malaria. Tutto ciò è in buona parte il
  risultato delle buone intenzioni e degli sforzi
  dello Stato, di uno Stato che non sarà mai quello
  dei contadini, e che per essi ha creato soltanto
  miseria e deserto.
• Cristo si è fermato ad EboliCarlo Levi - 1945

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Definizione di Desertificazione secondo UNCCD
La desertificazione e il degrado delle terre
nelle zone aride, semi-aride e secche sub-umide
dovuto a varie cause fra le quali i cambiamenti
climatici e le attivita umane
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Desertificazione
Gli ecosistemi aridi coprono un terzo del
territorio mondiale. Sono terreni molto
vulnerabili a causa di uno sfruttamento
eccessivo, e uso inappropriato del suolo. La
povertà, linstabilità politica, la
deforestazione, il sovrapascolo, e le pratiche di
irrigazione inappropriate sono tra le cause
principali.
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Desertificazione
La desertificazione colpisce direttamente più di
250 milioni di persone circa un miliardo di
persone in oltre 100 paesi sono a rischio. Si
tratta di popolazioni tra le più povere del
mondo, marginalizzate e politicamente deboli.
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UNCCD
The United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD) is one of the Post-Rio
global environmental conventions that is
particularly relevant to the prevention and
control of land degradation, the promotion of
sustainable livelihoods and the enhancement of
grass-roots participation in local actions as
well as in policy development and decision making
at higher levels of governance. Consensus on
land degradation as a global environmental and
sustainable development issue, as well as the
need for coordinated international action to
address it, led to the adoption of the UNCCD in
June 1994.
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UNCCD
191 governments had joined the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification as at
September 2005. This Convention aims to promote
effective action through innovative local
programmes and supportive international
partnerships.
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Desertificazione nel mondo
(Map Courtesy UNESCO)
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Regional Annexes
Countries affected by desertification are
implementing the Convention by developing and
carrying out national, subregional, and regional
action programmes. Criteria for preparing these
programmes are detailed in the treatys five
regional implementation annexes Africa
(considered a priority because that is where
desertification is most severe), Asia, Latin
America and the Caribbean, the Northern
Mediterranean, and Central and Eastern Europe.
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Desertificazione in Africa
73 di tutte le terre aride in Africa sono
affette da desertificazione. La maggior parte
della popolazione vive di agricoltura e di
pastorizia La povertà è spesso causa di degrado,
poiché i contadini e i pastori sono costretti a
sfruttare in modo eccessivo il territorio.
Deforestazione, pratiche agricole sbabliate
possono diventare cause dirette di
desertificazione, aumentando la povertà e
linsicurezza alimentare in un circolo vizioso.
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Lannesso IV dellUNCCD
The Northern Mediterranean region is a complex
mosaic of diversified landscapes. It has been
settled and cultivated for millennia by various
cultures and civilizations. Much of the region is
semi-arid and subject to seasonal droughts with
high rainfall variability or sudden intense
downpours. It is also marked by high population
densities, heavy concentrations of industry, and
intensive agriculture. Although people here often
use the term desert, they do so in the sense of
wilderness, lack of population, or isolation.
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Lannesso IV dellUNCCD
Mediterranean land degradation is often linked to
poor agricultural practices. Soils become
salinized, dry, sterile, and unproductive in
response to a combination of natural hazards -
droughts, floods, forest fires - and
human-controlled activities, notably overtilling
and overgrazing. The situation has been
aggravated by the social and economic crisis in
traditional agriculture in recent years and the
resulting migration of people from rural to urban
areas. The result is abandoned land, particularly
on marginal and easily eroded hillsides, and
weakened agricultural planning and land
management.
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Lannesso IV dellUNCCD
The modern economy is also contributing to the
problem. Fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation,
contamination by heavy metals, and the
introduction of exotic (invasive) plant species
is undermining the long-term health of the
regions soils. Physical changes imposed on
watercourses by the construction of reservoirs,
the canalization of rivers, and the drainage of
wetlands are affecting land quality. Meanwhile,
groundwater levels are declining widely,
resulting among other things in salt-water
intrusion into coastal aquifers. Some 80 percent
of the regions available freshwater is used for
irrigation.
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Lannesso IV dellUNCCD
Among the Northern Mediterranean affected country
Parties, seven are members of the European Union.
Thus the fourth regional implementation annex
offers concrete opportunities for strengthening
mutual cooperation and more effective national
action. The European Community, France, Monaco
and Israel are participating in the subregional
and regional processes as observers
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Lannesso IV dellUNCCD
A subregional group (Greece, Italy, Portugal,
Spain and Turkey) has already prepared the terms
of reference and is in the process of launching a
Subregional Action Programme (SRAP). A regional
consultative mechanism was established with the
assistance of the UNCCD secretariat. At the
regional level, activities are being undertaken
particularly through the establishment of
regional thematic networks for scientific
cooperation, organization of workshop on
technology and know how, development of
mechanisms for exchanges of information and
documentation and organization of regional
training courses. In addition to intraregional
cooperation, the Fourth Annex calls on its
members to cooperate with other regions and
subregions (Central and Eastern Europe for
example), and particularly with the developing
countries of Northern Africa
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Livelli di interazioni tra i fattori biofisici e
antropici della desertificazione
International /Global
Globe
Regional/Bilateral
Continent
National
Biome
Provincial
Land cover
Management
Community
Field/Ecosystem
Household
Plant
Ecosystem Good/Services
Leaf
Land Manager
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Conclusioni
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