Unit 6 Muscular System Exam Review

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Unit 6 Muscular SystemExam Review

• Pay particular attention to areas highlighted in
  Green. These topics are directly related to Exam
  Questions and/or Answers.

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Muscular System

• There are Three Types of Muscle
• 1. Cardiac Muscle
• Heart Contraction
• 2. Smooth Muscle
• Walls of Blood Vessels Organs
• Peristalsis, BP, Transport
• Airway Management
• 3. Skeletal Muscle
• Bone to bone Body Movement

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Muscle Tissue Types
Location Bone to Bone Heart Muscle Walls of
Hollow Organs Blood Vessel Walls Regulate
Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Cellular
Striated Pacemaker Smooth
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Muscular System - Regulation
ANS Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary - Pacemaker Cells Voluntary -
Motor Neurons Involuntary - ANS, Hormones
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Muscular System StriationsMore striations
more efficient/strong
Some Striations Striated Smooth No Striations
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Cardiac Muscle
aka Myocardium
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Structural Organization
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Cardiac Muscle
Mono-Nucleated Moderate Striations Regulated by
Pacemaker Cells Connecting Branches
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Cardiac MuscleClinical Significance

• Atherosclerosis
• Angina Pectoris
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Myocardial Infarction

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Atherosclerosis
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Chest PainDifferential Diagnosis
Chest Pain
Cardiac
Non-Cardiac
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Myocardial Infarction
Heart Muscle Death
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Thrombolytics Clot Breakers
Dissolve Forming Clots Very Dangerous if patient
has occult bleed (lethal)
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Smooth MuscleThe Most Prevalent MM
Walls of Hollow Organs - Digestive System -
Uterus - Bladder
Walls of Blood Vessels
Pulmonary Tree
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Smooth Muscle
Mono-Nucleated Non-Striated Stimulated by -
Autonomic NS - Hormones
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Blood Vessels
What critical/vital function does smooth mm serve
in arterial walls?
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PeristalsisSmooth Muscle ContractionsMovement
of food (and later waste) through the digestive
tract
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Smooth MuscleSmall Large Intestine
Absorption of Water
Absorption of Nutrients
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Asthma A Smooth Muscle Disease
Inhaled Bronchodilator They Relax (dilate)
Smooth Muscle of Bronchioles
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Skeletal Muscle
a. Multi-Nucleated b. Heavily Striated c. Have
an Origin and an Insertion d. Cross
Joints e. Stimulated by Motor Neurons
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Skeletal MuscleContraction
Sarcomere
Myofibril bundles filaments Filament a
contractile fiber Actin thin filament Myosin
thick filament Z-Line anchors actin
- Filaments slide over each other creating
contraction. - Myosin in the middle and actin is
on the outside. - Myosin "walks" on actin and
the filaments slide past each other. - This
shortens the sarcomere.
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Anabolic Steroid MechanismHow do they Work

• Hypertrophy
• Hypertrophy, an increase in muscle mass or girth,
  
• Neural Response
• Within just a few days, an untrained individual
  can achieve measurable strength gains
• Protein Synthesis
• The pattern of protein expression is increased
  markedly. The additional contractile proteins
  appear to be incorporated into existing
  myofibrils. Hypertrophy results from the growth
  of each muscle cell, via increased protein
  synthesis, rather than an increase in the number
  of cells.

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Anabolic SteroidsWhat are they?
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Steroid Effects

• Anabolic
• These are typically the desired effects, and
  although the greatest effects are seen in females
  and hypogonadal program. Strength gain, action of
  the steroid itself, as the euphoria more rigorous
  workouts.
• Androgenic
• Negative feedback to the pituitary gland,
  luteinizing hormone. Decreases in circulating HDL
  (beneficial lipoproteins) and increases in LDL
  (harmful) levels have been reported.
• A number of behavioral changes are also
  associated with steroid use. Irritability,
  increased aggressiveness,
• Masculinization of women using steroids is well
  accepted. Typical observations include deepening
  of the voice, hirstism, an enlarged clitoris