EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Four Basic Components of Emotions
• Stimuli that provoke a reaction
• Feelings Pos. or neg. conscious experiences of
  which we become aware
• Physiological arousal
• Behavioral response
• Example

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Sequence of Emotional
Development Newborn 3 months 2 ½ - 6 months 8
10 months Second year Third year
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Functions of Emotions
• Adaptive function
• Communication
• Social relationships
• Sociomoral development
• Source of pleasure or pain

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Temperament a persons
characteristic modes of responding emotionally
and behaviorally to environmental events,
including such attributes as activity level,
irritability, fearfulness, and sociability. Modera
tely heritable! Non-shared experiences
affect later temperament.
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
New York Longitudinal Study 40 Easy, 10
Difficult, 15 Slow-to-Warm-Up, rest showed
unique patterns
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Attachment a close
emotional relationship between two persons
characterized by. 1. Mutual affection 2.
Frequent interaction and close proximity 3.
Selectivity
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Infant characteristics promoting attachment
• kewpie doll appearance
• Rooting, sucking, grasping reflexes
• Smiling
• Cooing, babbling
• Crying
• Synchronous movement

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Infant characteristics making attachments more
  difficult
• Physically unattractive
• Weak reflexes
• Irritable
• Little pleasant vocalization
• Irritating, shrill cry
• Easily over stimulated

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Caregiver characteristics hindering attachment
• Maternal depression
• Abused mother
• Mother doesnt want baby
• Mother unable to take lead
• Mother insensitive to infant

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Ecological Constraints on Attachment
• Several children
• Poor marital relationship

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Theories of Attachment
• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Learning Theory
• Cognitive-Developmental Theory
• Ethological Theory
• Summary of Evidence
• Feeding not as critical as once believed.
• Contact comfort responsive interaction are
  important.
• Timing is related to obj. perm.
• Infants are active participants.

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Stranger Anxiety Wary
reaction to a stranger which occurs shortly after
attachment to a primary caregiver. Separation
Anxiety Wary or fretful reaction that infants
and toddlers often display when separated from
the person(s) to whom they are attached.
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Separation Anxiety
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Why Infants Fear Separation
and Strangers Conditioned Anxiety
Hypothesis - Separation - Strangers -
Comments Ethological Viewpoint - Separation -
Strangers
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Why Infants Fear Separation and Strangers
• Cognitive-Developmental Viewpoint
• - Separation
• - Strangers
• Conclusion
• Childs fear of losing warmth/security of
  caregiver
• Apprehension of unfamiliar
• Inability to fit into existing schemes.

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Types of Attachment
• Secure Attachment
• Explores
• Distressed when separated
• Warmly greets mom
• Outgoing to strangers when mom is there
• Insecure Attachment (Anxious/Resistant)
• Anxious
• Very distressed when separated
• Ambivalent on moms return
• Wary of strangers when mom is there

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Types of Attachment
• Insecure Attachment (Anxious/Avoidant)
• Not interested in exploring
• Little distress when separated
• Avoids contact on return
• Not wary of stranger
• Insecure Attachment (Disorganized/disoriented)
• Show mixture of other two types of insecure
  attachment
• Show approach/avoidance conflict when mom returns

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Explanations of
Attachment Differences Ainsworths Caregiving
Hypothesis quality of an infants attachment
depends largely on the kind of attention the
infant has received. Secure attachment Insecure
attachment (anxious/resistant) Insecure
attachment (anxious/avoidant) Insecure
attachment (disorganized/disoriented)
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Explanations of
Attachment Differences Ainsworths Strange
Situation
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Explanations of
Attachment Differences Kagans Temperament
Hypothesis quality of an infants attachment
reflects individual differences in infant
temperament. All other factors being equal,
then Easy temperament Difficult
temperament Slow-to-warm-up temperament
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Explanations of
Attachment Differences
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Explanations of
Attachment Differences Kagans Temperament
Hypothesis quality of an infants attachment
reflects individual differences in infant
temperament. All other factors being equal,
then Easy temperament Difficult
temperament Slow-to-warm-up temperament Who
is correct? What is the evidence?
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Long-term
Correlates of Attachment Quality Securely
attached toddlers and preschoolers tend to
be 1. Better problem solvers at age 2 2.
More creative 3. More attractive playmates 4.
Initiate play activities 5. Sensitive to
others 6. Curious 7. Self-directed 8. Eager
to learn
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Important Factors in Daycare Attachment
• Quality of care
• Parental attitudes
• Two-parent or Single parent?
• Socioeconomic status (SES)

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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Important Factors
in Daycare Attachment Characteristics of High
Quality Day Care 1. Child-to-caregiver
ratio 2. Caregivers warm/expressive/responsive
3. Little staff turnover 4. Age-appropriate
curriculum 5. Administration willing/eager to
confer with parents about child
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EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Daycare Attachment
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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Unattached Infant
• Harlows Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Unattached Infant
• Harlows Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys

• Three months of Isolation
• Characteristics displayed
• Recovery?

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Unattached Infant
• Harlows Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys

• Three months of Isolation

• Six months of Isolation
• Characteristics displayed
• Recovery?

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Unattached Infant
• Harlows Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys

• Three months of Isolation

• Six months of Isolation
• Twelve months of Isolation
• a. Characteristics displayed
• b. Recovery?

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Unattached Infant
• Harlows Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys

• Three months of Isolation

• Six months of Isolation
• Twelve months of Isolation
• Summary of this work
• Later recovery

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• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The Unattached Infant
• Harlows Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys

B. Early Social Deprivation in children 1.
Characteristics of Infants 2.
Characteristics of Toddlers/Older
Children 3. How to Aid Recovery from
Early Social Deprivation