Session 5 B Low Temperature Performance

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Session 5 BLow Temperature Performance

• Moderators report
• Erik Nielsen, Danish Asphalt Industries

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Content of presentation

• Introduction
• Many different angles of approach
• 2.1 Cracks in-situ
• 2.2 Methods for asphalt materials
• 2.3 Methods for bituminous binders
• 2.4 Methods used in a new way
• 2.5 Old Method revised
• 2.6 Low temperature behaviour influenced by
  constituents
• 2.7 Other types of cracks
• 2.8 Mathematical techniques
• Concluding remarks

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1. Introduction

• Low temperature is a relative term.
• It is of course associated with frost and very
  low temperatures,
• but also with the relaxation ability of the
  bi-tuminous binders and brittle state that can
  occur at higher temperatures, especially for
  stiff binders.
• The upper limit may be in the range of
• 5 C - 10 C.

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2. Many different angles of approach
- Primary and Secondary objectives
Cracks failure
Temperature susceptibility
Asphalt materials
Polymer modified bitumen
Models
Constituents in binder
Methods
Mathematics
Relationships
Tensile Stress Restrained Specimen Test
Direct Tensile Test
Low temperature
Bending Beam Rheometer
Specifications
Fracture Test
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2.1 Cracks in-situ

• Microscopy techniques are advancing for
  in-depth study of asphalt and binder.
• V. Wegan et al. in EE Congress 2000 in
  Barcelona presented the use of fluorescent
  microscopy for revealing polymer structure and
  distribution and minerals in asphalt.

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2.1 Cracks in-situ

• H. Norrison et al. EE 176 have used another
  micro-scopy technique,
• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
• The technique has been used in Australia for a
  detailed study of cracks and their classification
  in 3 categories subdivided into 8 classes.

Halina Norrison Jim Holden ANALYSIS AND
CLASSIFICATION OF CRACKS IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE
LAYERS EE 176 (will be presented by the
author in this session)
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2.2 Methods for asphalt materials

• Thermal
• Stress
• Restrained
• Specimen
• Test
• (TSRST)

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2.2 Methods for asphalt materials

• F. Olard, H. Di Benedetto, M. Mazé J-P.
  Triquigneaux
• THERMAL CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
• EXPERIMENTATION AND MODELING
• EE 170

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F. Olard et al. EE 170
Figure 1.Temperature evolution in a mix sample
(f58mm, l250mm, 3 void content, binder
content of 8 by dry weight of aggregate) during
TSRST (Dq-10C/h).
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F. Olard et al. EE 170
Figure 4. Comparison between the TSRST realized
on the 50/70 mix at the Eurovia laboratory and
at the ENTPE.
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2.2 Methods for asphalt materials

• Trend towards the use of other fracture tests
  than TSRST. Several papers use a fracture test
  with a notched beam.

Extract from F. Olard et al EE 67 Figure 3a
Mode-I fracture test
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2.2 Methods for asphalt materials

• Both TSRST and fracture test are used on asphalt
  mixes
• in the following paper
• F. Olard, H. Di Benedetto, B. Eckmann J-C.
  Vaniscote
• FAILURE BEHAVIOR OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS AND
• MIXES AT LOW TEMPERATURES
• EE 67
• (will be presented by the author in this session)

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2.2 Methods for asphalt materials

• A special bending test for porous asphalt,
• Binder Bending Test,
• to facilitate the development of a polymer
  modified binder specification in Japan.
• Shirou Motomatsu, Shigeki Takahashi, Kenichi
• Uesaka Hidemi Ouki
• HOW THE PROPERTY AND PERFORMANCE OF
• POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN SHOULD BE
• EVALUATED IN POROUS ASPHALT MIX?
• EE 58

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S. Motomatsu et al. EE 58
Figure 8 Proposed Binder Bending Test
Table 4 Specification of Binder Bending Test
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2.3 Methods for bituminous binders

• Several papers confirm that the most important
  methods to evaluate the low temperature behaviour
  of bituminous binders are
• Direct Tensile Test (DTT)
• Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)

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2.3 Methods for bituminous binders

• Susanna Ho Ludo Zanzotto
• LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT
• BINDERS STUDIED BY THE DIRECT TENSION TEST
• AND THE SUPERPAVE MP1A SPECIFICATION
• EE 66

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S. Ho et al. EE 66
Figure 7. TSARTM thermal stress curves of
PG64-xx straight run and air blown asphalts from
the Redwater crude oil
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2.3 Methods for bituminous binders

• Graziella Durand , Michel Ballie, Jean-Eric
  Poirier
• Michel Robert
• APPLICATION OF THE NEW AASHTO MP1-A
• SPECIFICATION SCHEME TO MODIFIED BINDERS
• LOW TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE OF SBS
• EE 217

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G. Durand et al. EE 217
Figure 8 Effect of RTFOT PAV ageing on the low
temperature performance of binders DTT
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2.3 Methods for bituminous binders

• Geoff Rowe Mark Sharrock
• THE DIRECT TENSION TEST AND THE BEHAVIOR
• OF ASPHALT BINDERS AT LOW AND INTER-
• MEDIATE TEMPERATURES
• EE 254

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G. Rowe et al. EE 254
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2.4 Methods used in a new way

• O. Vacin, L. Zanzotto G. Kennepohl
• SHEAR AND TENSILE COMPLIANCES MEASURED
• BY COMMERCIAL RHEOMETERS
• EE 129

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O. Vacin et al. EE 129

• Figure 6. Comparison of the shear (J/3) and
• creep (D) moduli at -28 oC

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2.5 Old method revised

• B. Eckmann, M. Mazé, Y. Le Hir, O. Harders
• G. Gauthier
• CHECKING LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
• OF POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN
• IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE FRAASS BREAKING
  POINT ?
• EE 244

The answer is YES , provided both equipment and
procedure are revised
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2.6 Low temperature behaviour influenced by
constituents

• Xiaohu Lu, Hilde Soenen Per Redelius
• IMPACT OF BITUMEN WAX ON ASPHALT
• PERFORMANCE LOW TEMPERATURE
• CRACKING
• EE 50

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X. Lu et al. EE 50
Figure 5 Physical hardening as function of the
wax content
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2.6 Low temperature behaviour influenced by
constituents

• I. Artamendi H. Khalid
• FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUMB
• RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES
• EE 85

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I. Artemendi et al. EE 85

• Other text Arial 32 not bold

Figure 3 A typical load-deflection curve under
three-point bending setup
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2.7 Other types of cracking

• Ph. Des Croix
• MECHANICAL FATIGUE AND THERMAL CRACKING
• TESTS TO EVALUATE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
• AND COMPARISON WITH BINDER PROPERTIES
• EE 95

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P. Des Croix EE 95

• Figure 9 Thermal cracking, relationship
  binder-mix parameters

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2.7 Other types of cracking

• S. Maillard, C. de la Roche, F. Hammoun,
• L. Gaillet C. Such
• EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
• FRACTURE AND HEALING OF BITUMEN AT
• PSEUDO-CONTACT OF TWO AGGREGATES
• EE 266

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• S. Maillard et al. EE 266

Figure 2a Description of a load cycle
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2.7 Other types of cracking

• W.T. Van Bijsterveld A. H. De Bondt
• BITUMEN SPECIFICATION FOR THERMAL
• REFLECTIVE CRACKING APPLICATIONS
• EE 96

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W.T. Van Bijsterveld et al. EE 96
Figure 6 Example of a deformed finite element
mesh
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2.8 Mathematical techniques

• P. Hao Y. Hachiya
• APPLICATION OF GREY RELATION ENTROPY
• METHOD TO ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIPS BE-
• TWEEN ASPHALT BINDER COMPONENTS AND
• ASPHALT RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• EE 15

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P. Hao et al. EE 15
Equation 1 Grey relation entropy
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3. Concluding remarks

• The papers in this session have shown that low
  temperature behaviour and related issues have the
  interest of the Research and Development
  community/departments.
• But in addition some papers have also
  demon-strated how RD effort has produced
  practical solutions like improved specifications
  and methods that describe the functional material
  behaviour at low temperatures.