The Brain

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The Brain

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLi5nMsXg1Lk

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• Which brain imaging technique injects a substance
  in order to view active areas of the brain
  because of glucose consumption?
• Which brain imaging technique graphs brain waves
  and is mostly used for sleep research?
• Which brain imaging technique combines
  cross-sectional x-rays to view the structure of
  the brain?

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• Too little of this neurotransmitter is associated
  with Parkinsons?
• Too little of this neurotransmitter is associated
  with anxiety disorders?
• Too little of this neurotransmitter is associated
  with Alzheimers
• Too little of this neurotransmitter is associated
  with depression?
• Too much of this neurotransmitter is associated
  with schizophrenia?

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Hindbrain

• Pons sleep dreaming, arousal, attention,
  assists in movement
• Medulla unconscious vital functions like
  breathing, circulation, etc.
• Reticular Activating System wakefulness sleep,
  alertness

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Hindbrain

• Cerebellum balance, motor coordination

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Midbrain

• Integrates types of sensory info and muscle
  movements

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Limbic System

• Thalamus
• Relays sensory info from the body to parts of
  the brain
• Hypothalamus
• Maintains homeostasis regulates body
  temperature, hunger, thirst, blood pressure,
  hormones, etc.

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Limbic System

• Amygdala
• Emotional responses, particularly aggression
  attention to novel stimuli
• Hippocampus
• Formation of memories
• Pituitary Gland
• Master gland secretes hormones

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Which part of the brain?
? Pons

• REM sleep dreaming, assists in movement
• Relay station for sensory info
• On switch for the brain, alertness
  wakefulness, attention
• Body temperature, hunger, thirst, glands
• Balance and motor coordination
• Emotions (aggression), novel stimuli
• Master gland
• Unconscious essential functions such as
  respiration and heart rate
• Formation of new memories

? Thalamus
? R.A.S.
?Hypothal.
? Cerebellum
? Amygdala
? Pituitary gland
? Medulla
? Hippocampus
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Brain Lateralization

• Cerebrum
• Surface of brain, two hemispheres, thinking
  language
• Cerebral Cortex
• Wrinkled, convoluted surface divided into
  four lobes
• Corpus Callosum
• Thick bundle of fibers which connects the two
  hemispheres

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Hemispheres of the Brain
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Left Hemisphere Rational, Logical

• Language
• Math
• Responds to verbal instructions
• Right side of body

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Right Hemisphere Intuitive, Artistic

• Visual imagery
• Music
• Spatial abilities
• Responds to demonstrated instructions
• Left side of the body

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Lobes of the Brain
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Frontal Lobe

• Responsible for abstract thought, emotion,
  voluntary body movements, language

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Parietal Lobe

• Receives incoming touch, pressure, and pain
  sensations from the body

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Occipital Lobe

• Located at the rear of the brain
• Involved in the reception and interpretation of
  visual information

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Temporal Lobe

• Located on the side, slightly above ears
• Involved in reception and interpretation of
  auditory stimuli

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Language the Brain

• Brocas Area
• Physical production of speech
• Brocas Aphasia
• Inability to physically speak words

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Language the Brain

• Wernickes Area
• Comprehension of language
• Wernickes Aphasia
• Inability to understand language/words
• Word salad

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• http//www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/jill_bolte_taylo
  r_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html

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The Split-Brain Experiments

• 1960s, Roger Sperry
• Epilepsy seizures spread to other hemisphere
  through corpus callosum
• In his operations, the entire corpus callosum was
  severed hemispheres completely independent of
  one another
• "The great pleasure and feeling in my right
  brain is more than my left brain can find the
  words to tell you. Roger Sperry

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The Split-Brain Experiments

• Michael Gazzaniga more experiments
• Patients appeared normal (talk, read, alert,
  etc.)
• BUTif patient held up something like coffee cup
  in left hand, couldnt speak its name
• If object in right hand, no trouble at all
• Printed word LOUSE visible only in left visual
  field, couldnt read ? put in right side, could
  read it fine

Right vision field is connected to the left
hemisphere. Left vision field is connected to the
right hemisphere.
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Split-Brain Operations

• Only sever portion of corpus callosum (splenium
  remains intact)
• Split brain patients learn very quickly how to
  keep both sides in communication

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Phineas Gage
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Lesioning

• Studying damaged parts of the brain to observe
  the changes in behavior or loss of function

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Ways of Studying the Brain

• Electroencephalogram (EEG) detects and records
  brain-wave activity
• Widely used in sleep research

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• Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan uses
  X-ray cameras that rotate around the brain and
  combine pictures into a detailed image of the
  brains structure
• Does not give info about function

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• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan measures
  how much of a chemical (i.e. glucose or oxygen)
  that parts of the brain are using, which
  indicates activity
• Indicates function, but expensive

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• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) similar to CAT
  scan but produces higher-resolution images
• Patient lies in magnetic field is exposed to
  radio waves that record activity of brain due to
  blood flow

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• Functional MRI (fMRI) combines MRI and PET
  scanning techniques, detects metabolic (i.e.
  changes in blood flow) in parts of brain
• Used for brain mapping

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Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

• Measures the very faint magnetic fields that are
  emitted from the head as a result of brain
  activity
• Magnetic detection coils are bathed in liquid
  helium held over persons head brains
  magnetic field induces current in the coils
• Induces a magnetic field using an instrument
  known as a superconducting quantum interference
  device (SQUID)