Regional Air Pollution Analysis for Thailand

1
Regional Air Pollution Analysis for Thailand
2
Ozone driving forces and emissions the evidence

• 1. Transportation
• Promotion of renewable energy for commercial
  primary energy use to increase from 0.5 as of
  now to 8 by 2011
• Introduction of biofuels in the transportation
  sector (E10, E20, E85, B10)
• Suspected to increase emissions of VOCs and NOx
  (bio-ethanol) precursors of ozone formation
• 2. Biomass burning activities
• Forest fires
• Crop residues burning

3
Ozone driving forces and emissions the
situation and impacts in 2030

• Population leaving in urban area is about 50 but
  will increase to more than 60 by 2030
• Social structure will change, population getting
  older (now 10 of the population over 60 years
  old will increase to 20 in 2030)
• These aspects will lead to
• Higher morbidity (respiratory)
• Higher premature mortality (cardivascular disease
  , cancer)
• Crop yield reduction e.g. rice 2-16 (AIT)

4
Ozone driving forces and emissions the
situation in 2030

• 3. Optimisation of the transportation system (sky
  train, underground)
• 4. Alternative energy
• Nuclear power
• Clean coal technology
• Biomass-to-energy, etc.

5
CAI-Asia Greater Mekhong Subrigion-Core
Environmental Program Capacity Development
WorkshopReginal Air Pollution
Ozone ground level concentrations the
situation now
Bangkok Average Ozone Concentration from 1998 to
2007
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
year
6
Ozone ground level concentrations the
situation in 2030

• Likely to increase with the development of
  economic activities
• Rate of increase could however be slowed down
  using appropriate regulations/policies and
  development of infrastructure

7
Ozone ground level concentrations the evidence
and situation now
???. ?????? 9 ?.?. 51
January 9, 2008
January 25, 2008
Maximum 1-hr average O3 131 ppb
Maximum 1-hr average O3 60 ppb
8
Acid deposition driving forces and emissions
the situation now

• Slightly acidic condition, 4.5 to 5.5
• 2. Pollution in the form of organic acids
• Transportation
• Biomass burning
• Industries (pollution control technology)

9
Acid deposition driving forces and emissions
the situation in 2030

• 1. Issues of trans-boundary air pollution from
  neighboring countries (Indonesia, Lao, Myanmar,
  China)
• 2. Modernization of the traffic fleet (catalytic
  converter, better fuel consumption efficiencies)
• 3. Enforcement of regulation
• Collection and processing of biomass (waste and
  crop residues)
• Emission control (compliance with air quality
  standards)

10
Acid deposition driving forces and emissions
the evidence

• Nutrient Leaching causing low productivity of
  terrestrial eco-system and aquatic eco-system
• Trans-boundary air pollution from neighboring
  countries

11
Acid deposition deposition rates the situation
now

• Dry deposition during November to April
• 2. Wet deposition Beginning of the monsoon (May)
  and end of the monsoon (October)

12
Acid deposition deposition rates the situation
in 2030

• Likely to increase with the development of
  economic activities
• Rate of increase would be influenced by various
  parameters notably by energy policies (e.g.
  introduction of clean/renewable technologies i.e.
  nuclear (by 2030), hydropower, wind, solar etc.)