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Transboundary Air Pollution: Asia Region

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Title: Transboundary Air Pollution: Asia Region


1
Transboundary Air PollutionAsia Region
IAEA/RCA Executive Meeting on Air Pollution
Related to Transboundary Effects, Visibility,
Climate Change and Agriculture Sydney,
Australia 5-7 April 2005
  • by
  • Wanna Chueinta

Office of Atoms for Peace
2
Outline
  • General information on Transboundary Air
    Pollution (TAP)
  • Collaboration in Asia region related to TAP
  • TAP in Asia
  • Acid deposition
  • Haze pollution
  • Brown clouds
  • Long-range transport air pollution (LRTAP)
    modeling
  • HYSPLIT back trajectory (examples)
  • Additional note on LRTAP and heavy metals

3
Transbounadary Air Pollutions (TAP)
  • TAP is a particular problem for pollutants that
    are not easily destroyed or react in the
    atmosphere to form secondary pollutant
  • Transboundary air pollutants can servive for
    period of days to years and can be transported
    hundreds or thousands of miles
  • TAP is at two distinct scales-
  • Between nations
  • Between municipal areas and their rural hinterland

4
TAP (cont.)
  • TAP in the form of smoke haze from forest fires
    and acid rain from industrial smokestacks spreads
    widely across the region, severely affecting
    human health and economic activity
  • Forest fire, coal-fired power plant, smelter and
    various factories, biomass burning and
    transportation sector can contribute to
    transboundary air pollutants

5
TAP (cont.)
  • Long-range transboundary air pollutants
  • SO2, NOx and their secondary particles
  • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
  • Heavy metals (HMs)
  • The effects range from simple irritants to
    extreme toxicity

6
TAP Effects
  • TAP affect the air, soils, rivers, lakes and/or
    food
  • TAP causes a number of different problems e.g.,
    formation of particles, ground level ozone,
    formation of acid rain
  • TAP is a growing environmental health problem in
    South and East Asia
  • TAP requires international actions and
    collaboration to control their formation and
    effects

7
Collaboration on LRTAP in Asia Region
  • Malé Declaration
  • The Malé Declaration on control and prevention of
    air pollution and its likely transboundary
    effects for South Asia (established in 1998)
  • Participating countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan,
    India, Iran, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
    Lanka
  • Main achievements are
  • A network of monitoring stations
  • A number of parallel studies

8
Collaboration in Asia Region (cont.)
  • EANET
  • Acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia
  • 12 participating countries- Cambodia, China,
    Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia,
    Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russia, Thailand
    and Vietnam
  • Main objective is to promote the mutual
    cooperation on the issues related to acid
    deposition among the participating countries

9
Collaboration in Asia Region (cont.)
  • ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
  • The objective is to prevent and monitor
    transboundary haze pollution resulting from land
    and/or forest fires
  • ASEAN member countries- Brunei Darussalam,
    Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
    Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam
  • The agreement obligates member countries to
    Co-operate, Respond and Take legal,
    administrative and/or other measures to implement
    their obligations

10
Collaboration in Asia Region (cont.)
  • The Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) Project
  • ABC initiated by the United Nations Environment
    Programme (UNEP), initially focus on the
    Indo-Asian and Pacific regions
  • Main aim of the first phase (beginning in 2003)
    is
  • To establish a network of groundbased monitoring
    stations throughout the Indo-Asian and Pacific
    regions to study the composition and seasonal
    patterns of the brown clouds
  • to study the impact of the atmospheric brown
    cloud on a number of parameters, including
    monsoon change, water balance, agriculture, and
    health

11
Collaboration in Asia Region (cont.)
  • RAINS-Asia
  • An international initiative to develop an
    integrated assessment model similar to Europes
    RAINS model for use in developing policies on
    sulphur and nitrogen emissions in Asia
  • CAI-Asia
  • The clean air initiative for Asian cities
    promotes better air quality management in Asian
    cities through building partnerships and sharing
    experiences

12
Acid Deposition Pollution in Asia
  • Natural sources
  • Volcanic eruption
  • Forest fire
  • Man-made sources
  • Coal power plant
  • Other industries
  • Automobiles
  • Coal stoves for domestic use, etc.

13
Ohizumi, 2004 (The third country training
program, Thailand)
14
RAIN ASIA Simulation Model
Deposition 1990
Exceedance of critical load 2020
Ohizumi, 2004 (The third country training
program, Thailand)
15
Estimation of SO2 Emission in 2020 in East Asia
Ohizumi, 2004 (The third country training
program, Thailand)
16
Impacts of Acid Deposition
  • Adverse health effect on human life
  • Negative effect on ecosystems and environment
  • Impacts on aquatic animals and plants
  • Fish, shellfish, insect, plant plankton
  • Impacts on forests
  • Soil, water, various living creatures, and plants
  • Impacts on buildings

17
Acid Deposition Monitoring
  • Wet deposition
  • Major measurements
  • Sulfate, nitrate and other ions
  • HMs, phosphate, aluminum and organic compounds
  • Dry deposition
  • Major measurements
  • Gases, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone
    and others
  • Particulate components
  • Soil and Vegetation
  • Inland aquatic environment

18
Situation of Acid Deposition in Thailand
  • Fuel combustion, largely from lignite power
    plants, accounts for most of the total SO2
    emissions in Thailand. Industry is the next
    largest source.
  • Acid deposition monitoring network in Thailand
    has been set since 1996 consisted of 5 monitoring
    sites. 5 additional sites have been included
    since 2002.
  • The average pH of rain is found around 5 to 6,
    considered together with the monitoring study of
    acid deposition, Thailand has not yet the serious
    problem of acid rain.

Source Pollution Control Department, Thailand
19
Transboundary Haze Pollution in Asia
  • Smoke haze caused by land and forest fires seems
    to be the common problem in SE Asia that occurs
    every now and then
  • The most severe one was during dry season in 1997
    by which Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and
    Singapore were badly affected. The Philippines
    and Thailand were affected to a lesser degree.
  • The severity and extent of the smoke haze
    pollution affected millions of people across the
    region

20
Transboundary Haze Pollution Effects
  • Environment damage including air, and water
  • Ecological impacts were reflected in the
    degradation of vegetation and soil quality,
    erosion of biodiversity, damage to the health of
    forest ecosystems, loss of wildlife habitat and
    wildlife decline,
  • Economic sectors including land transport,
    shipping, construction, tourism can be severely
    affected
  • Considerable health impact on the people of the
    countries affected.

21
Conceptual framework for underlying causes of
fires and haze(http//www.sea-user.org/transbound
ary_air.php)
Recession/ Economic Policy
Land-use Planning and Land Reform
InsecureTenure Use Rights
Forest Conversion for Agriculture
High Impact Logging and Forest Exploitation
Social Conflict
Crop Residues
Waste Wood/ Plant Biomass
Incentives to Burn rather than Use Waste
Fire as Weapon
Choice of Fire as Waste Removal Method
Drought Conditions
Domestic Policies
Atmospheric Inversion
Haze
Climate Variability
Wild Fires
Impacts Forests, Health, Biodiversity,
Atmosphere, Tourism
International Pressure
22
Situation of Haze Problem from Open Burning in
Thailand
  • In Thailand, open burning of agriculture
    residuals is the major of PM causing wildspread
    sub-regional haze
  • Concerning to forest fires
  • SE Asia region post-logging burning is an
    established practice, and has transboundary
    implications for Thailand
  • Forest fires in the country are mostly in the
    northern part

Source Pollution Control Department, Thailand
23
Situation of Haze Problem from Open Burning in
Thailand (cont.)
  • Transboundary haze pollution affected from
    neighbor countries
  • Southern part of Thailand - from forest fire in
    Indonesia that happen annually
  • Northern part of Thailand - from forest fire in
    Myanmar and Laos

24
Atmospheric Brown Clouds
  • Atmospheric brown clouds refer to widely
    distributed haze layers caused by the long-range
    transported gases and particulates in air
    pollution
  • Both fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning
    as well as automobiles contribute to the
    particles in the brown clouds
  • The brownish color results from absorption and
    scattering of visible solar radiation by nitrogen
    oxides, organics, black carbon and dust in such
    clouds

25
Atmospheric Brown Clouds
  • The reaction is called Photochemical Reaction
  • Resulting brownish-orange air pollution is called
    Photochemical Smog, consist of harmful secondary
    pollutants (ozone, formaldehyde, PAN, and other
    potential toxic chemicals)
  • Consequently, they are frequently occurring
    phenomena in industrial and populated regions.
  • The problem is becoming particularly severe in
    the tropical regions of South and East Asia (also
    America and Africa) because of the long dry
    season, rapid growth in industrialization, and
    widespread emission sources

26
Factors Affecting Air Pollution Levels
  • Wind and Rain
  • E.g., wind sweeps dirty air out of cities rain
    washes pollutants from the sky
  • Mountains and Hills
  • They may block the flow of winds and trap
    pollutants for days or end
  • Temperature Inversions
  • Temperature Inversions create warm-air lids over
    cooler air. Consequently, the cool, dense ground
    air cannot mix vertically and, thus, pollutants
    become trapped in the air below.

27
Factors Affecting TAP
  • TAP can impact an entire region depending on
    windflow and weather patterns

28
LRTAP Modeling
  • Models of the long-range transport of
    particulates and their precursors have to
    simulate atmospheric processes while these
    pollutants are transported by winds
  • Air trajectories have been used to study
    atmospheric transport climatology by identifying
    pathways of air mass transportation.
  • Backward trajectories are commonly used to
    identify air pollution source regions and
    specific sources by back computation starting
    from the receptor.

29
LRTAP Modeling
  • Dispersion models describe the transport of the
    particles from a source to the sampling location.
    (Source-oriented model)
  • ATMOS a Lagrangian multi-layer trajectory model
    of sulfur transport/deposition
  • UR-BAT (URban-Branching Atmospheric Trajectory)
    also for long-range transport of sulfur

30
LRTAP Modeling/Methods Incorporating Back
Trajectories
  • Receptor-oriented models for long-range transport
    of secondary species as sulfate developed using
    back trajectories
  • Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF)
  • Residential Time Analysis
  • Residential Time Weighted Concentrations
  • Areas of Influence Analysis (AIA)
  • Quantitative Bias Trajectory Analysis

31
Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF)
  • In a PSCF analysis, both chemical and
    meteorological data for each filter sample are
    needed. Air parcel back trajectories ending at a
    receptor site are calculated from the
    meteorological data with a trajectory model.

32
HYSPLIT Back Trajectories
33
HYSPLIT Back Trajectories
34
Power plant (1)
Power plant (2)
HOPO
COCO
HOPO Hopi Point, Grand Canyon, AZ
1 Red Gardner PP, NV 2 Mohave
PP, NV 3 Irvington PP, AZ
4 Apache PP, AZ Las Vegas,
NV Phoenix, AZ
COCO Cottonwood Cove, NV Mohave
PP, NV Los Angeles, CA
San Diego, CA
35
Cu smelter factor
Sea salt factor
HOPO
TONT
Pacific Ocean
TONT Tonto National Park, NM
Cu Smelter, San Manuel, AZ
HOPO Hopi Point, Grand
Canyon, AZ
36
LRTAP
  • Long-range transboundary air pollutants
  • SO2, NOx and their secondary particles
  • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
  • Heavy metals (HMs)
  • The effects range from simple irritants to
    extreme toxicity

37
Toxic Air Pollutants and Their Common Sources
http//www.naei.org.uk/pollutantdetail
38
LRTAP HMs (cont.)
  • Research, Development, Monitoring and
    Cooperation focusing on the HMs may related to
  • Emissions of HMs
  • Long-range transport and deposition levels and
    their modeling
  • Existing levels in the biotic and abiotic
    environment
  • Pollutant pathways and inventories in
    representative ecosystems
  • Relevant effects on human health and the
    environment, including quantification of those
    effects

39
References
  • Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural
    Resources and Environment, Thailand
  • Background paper by Johan Kuylenstierna,
    Stockholm Environment Institute
  • Others as marked in the slides
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