Regional overview: Gender and UEM Situationer

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Regional overview Gender and UEM Situationer

• Kyoko Kusakabe
• Presented at
• Regional training on gender equality in UEM
• 28-30 March 2005
• Quezon City, Philippines

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Gender situation analysis on UEM in Southeast Asia

• Dili, East Timor
• Bangkok, Thailand
• Yogyakarta, Indonesia
• Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
• Manila, the Philippines
• Penang, Malaysia
• Vientiane, Laos
• Phnom Penh, Cambodia

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Water and Sanitation

• Country difference in the seriousness of problem
• Dili, Phnom Penh, Vientiane, Manila, HCMC
• Penang, Bangkok, Yogyakarta
• 48 of household in HCMC are flooded
• Philippines
• 33 without sufficient potable water
• 29 without sanitary toilet facility

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Water and Sanitation

• Dili
• Only 30 of households have piped water. More
  than 10 use unprotected source.
• 94 of women ranked access to clean water as the
  most important need.
• Only 43.8 have safe sanitation.
• 80 of children have intestinal parasitic
  infection.
• insufficient sewage system ? mosquito-borne
  diseases, contaminated well water.

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Water and Sanitaiton

• Womens burden in taking care of sick children.
• Lack of access to piped water ? fetching water
  from well/pumps time consuming.
• Boiling water ? time burden for women.
• Vietnam
• Expenditure to buy water 100,000 D/month
• While a waste pickers daily income is
  20,000-30,000 D per day.
• Thailand ? water contamination with pesticide
  (peri-urban).

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Solid waste

• Increase in all cities.
• Philippines
• 1995 5565 tons per day
• 1995 6102 tons per day
• 2014 13,300 tons per day
• Yogyakarta
• Service reach only 25 of household
• Thailand
• Industrial waste

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Solid waste

• HCMC
• Recycling industry
• Women as solid waste volunteers
• Womens role in household waste separation.

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Air pollution

• Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines
• Industrial air pollution traffic
• Cambodia, Vietnam
• Traffic
• East Timor
• Fuelwood (cooking in enclosed kitchen)
• Those affected most are different depending on
  the source of air pollution.

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Gender issues in UEM

• Gender-differentiated impact by deteriorating
  urban environment.
• Gender-differentiated access to UEM services.
• Gender-differentiated ability to make change.

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Gender-differentiated impact

• Gender difference in exposure to risk because of
  gender division of labor
• SWM
• use of water
• air- street vendors, cooking
• Different ability to protect themselves
• (individual) affordability (car, water other
  service fees)
• (collective) not able to influence policies (road
  factory construction, fees and services)

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Gender-differentiated impact

• Increase in workload and time constraint.
  (vis-à-vis benefit)
• Increase in female-headed households
• HCMC 60.3 are FHH
• Penang incidence of poverty higher among FHH
  (16.0 vs. 7.5)
• East Timor 12.1 are FHH

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Access to services

• Gender difference in needs for services because
  of
• division of labor (health care, household work,
  biological)
• Resources (need for state provision because of
  lack of resources - FHH)

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Access to services

• Gender differentiated access to services because
• Gender-specific needs are not recognized by the
  state
• Statistics are not gender-disaggregated
• Considered small and unprofitable market
• Lack of political pressure (e.g. Indonesia)
• Womens needs not prioritized in household
  (self-restriction)

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Ability to make change

• Low political representation of women
• Yogyakarta Municipality parliament
• 2.5 are women.
• HCMC
• Ward officers 42 are women
• Peoples council members of the ward 21.4
  women
• Philippines
• Less than 20 of all elected posts (national,
  local)
• Laos
• National assembly 21.2 women
• Department directors 7.1 women

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Ability to make change

• Womens participation and ability to make changes
  can be hampered further by violence against women
• HCMC
• 83.5 of divorce cases by domestic violence.
• Philippines
• 54.7 of VAW is wife battering, 11.9 rape
• Yogyakarta
• 63 wife battering, worse for housewives.
• East Timor
• 50 of women experienced violence in the past one
  year. Only 15 of cases were referred.

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Ability to make change

• Opportunities
• Income generation (c.f. recycling)
• Womens groups
• Visibility of womens role in community
• Womens larger say in political decision

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Thank you