The Notebook 2 3 ring binder

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The Notebook 2 3 ring binder

• Required for Class daily
• Keep until you pass ALL state exams
• 5 Sections (need 4 tabs)
• 1. Class Info syllabus, safety contract,
  personal gradesheet will get this week
• 2. Lecture Notes dated and in order
• 3. Numbered Assignments dated and in order
• 4. Numbered Labs graded, returned kept dated
  and in order
• 5. Handouts kept for student reference
• Weekly quizzes over notebook all assignments
  due the date of each weekly quiz unless specified
• Any notebook material is fair game for quiz!

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Syllabus Quiz

• Read Through and answer the following..
• Find and circle the following
• 1. What is the Latework Policy?
• 2. What are the 5 sections of the notebook?
• 3. How much is the lost/damaged textbook fee?
• 4. What do you do every day when you come into
  class?
• 5. What percentage do Tests/Lab Practicals and
  Projects count?
• 6. How many class rules are there? How many
  checks equals a 30 minute detention? When do
  checks clear?

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CP Biology Chapter 11 Honors Chapter
10Introduction to Genetics

• Genetics The scientific study of heredity
• Heredity the passing of traits from parents to
  offspring

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Inheritance

• You get your genes from your parents
• In meiosis, half of the chromosomes in a pair
  come from the Dad, half come from the Mom
• What we know today is based on the work of Gregor
  Mendel Austrian monk

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Key terms to know

• Allele each form of a gene for a certain trait
  (R or r)
• Gene sequence of DNA that codes for a protein a
  thus determines a trait
• Genotype combination of alleles for a given
  trait ( RR or Rr or rr)
• Phenotype Appearance of trait (round seeds or
  wrinkled seeds)

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Figure 14.5 Genotype versus phenotype
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Terms continued

• Homozygous - when you have 2 or the same alleles
  for a given trait (RR or rr)
• Heterozygous when you have 2 different alleles
  for a trait (Rr)
• Incomplete dominance blending of alleles to
  produce a different phenotype (red and white
  produce pink)
• Codominance Both alleles are expressed equally
  ( produces combinations of each)
• Multiple alleles a set of 3 or more different
  alleles controlling a trait ( eye color, skin
  color)

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Mendel studied seven/eight different pea plant
traits

• Trait a specific characteristic that varies
  from one individual to another
• (ex. Seed color, height, hair color)
• Mendels studied traits had two contrasting
  characters or alleles -- different forms of a
  gene

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Figure 14.0 Painting of Mendel
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Gregor Mendel

• Born in 1822 in Czech Republic
• Became a priest and studied math and science at
  the University of Vienna
• Worked for next 14 years in the monastery as head
  of monastery garden and taught at the high school

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Complete Dominance

• Where one allele is dominant (masks) recessive
  allele
• Homozygous dominant (PP) condition and
  heterozygous condition (Pp) produce dominant
  phenotype (purple flowers)
• Homozygous recessive condition (pp) phenotype
  rare white flowers
• Mendel worked with complete dominance

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Figure 11-3 Mendels Seven F1 Crosses on Pea
Plants
Section 11-1
CP see page 264 in textbook Honors
see page 262
Seed Shape
Flower Position
Seed Coat Color
Seed Color
Pod Color
Plant Height
Pod Shape
Round
Yellow
Gray
Smooth
Green
Axial
Tall
Wrinkled
Green
White
Constricted
Yellow
Terminal
Short
Round
Yellow
Gray
Smooth
Green
Axial
Tall
Flower color purple (P) vs. white (p)
Seed coat color and flower color are often put in
for one another thus, the EIGHT traits!!!
Go to Section
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Incomplete Dominance occurs occasionally

• Red allele (R) and White allele ( r) blend to
  make pink flowers heterozygous condition

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Co-dominance occurs occasionally

• Brown skin color allele (B) and white skin color
  allele (b) both expressed (Bb) in phenotype

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Figure 14.3 Alleles, alternative versions of a
gene
Body (somatic) cells have each have (2)
chromosomes (long strands of condensed DNA) one
from each parent One allele for a trait is
located on each Chromosome Proteins coded for by
the alleles of the gene produce traits
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Mendels test crosses.

• Test Cross experimental cross between an
  individual with the Dominant phenotype for a
  given trait (genotype unknown, though) and
  another individual with the recessive phenotype
  (Homozygous recessive)
• P1 generation Parents that Mendel
  cross-pollinated
• F1 generation offspring of P1 that were allowed
  to self pollinate
• F2 generation offspring of F1 generation

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Figure 14.1 A genetic cross
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Figure 14.2 Mendel tracked heritable characters
for three generations
PP x pp
Pp x Pp
3 To 1 phenotypic ratio of purple (PP or Pp) to
white (pp) plants
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Mendels Crosses Interactive

• http//academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/an
  imations/0088.swf

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Figure 14.6 A testcross
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Mendels Conclusions.

• Biological inheritance is determined by factors
  that are passed from one generation to a next
  today, called genes Mutations/Variations in DNA
  (genes) leads to Multiple traits, Dominance and
  Recessive allels
• Law of Donimance where there are two or more
  forms of a gene for a single trait, some alleles
  are dominant and other alleles recessive
• Law of Segregation alleles segregate
  (separate) from each other during the process of
  Meiosis (gamete formation)
• Principle of independent assortment genes for
  different traits can segregate independently
  during the formation of gametes

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Meiosis produces 4 haploid Gametesone will get
passed on sperm or egg
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Punnet Squares

• Developed by R.C. Punnett
• Used to predict the possible genotypic and
  phenotypic outcomes of mating
• Both male and female gamete possibilities are
  crossed to show genetic possibilities of offspring

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How to do punnett squares

• 1. determine the genotype of the parent
  organisms given unless doing a test cross2.
  write down your cross" (mating)..Tt x Tt 3.Draw
  a p-square 4. Cross" the alleles of the trait
  for each parent put them outside" the p-square
  5. determine the genotype of the offspring by
  filling in the p-square 6. summarize results
  (genotypes phenotypes of offspring)

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Monohybrid Cross One trait possibilities

• Use a punnett square with 4 boxes
• Can determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
  of probability
• Ex Mendel pea plant height T is tall,
  (dominant) t is short (recessive) want to know
  outcome of cross between Tt parent x Tt parent

What is the genotypic ratio?...______ What is
phenotypic ratio of tall to short?...______
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Monohybrid Cross Example

• Character snapdragon flower color complete
  dominance
• Alleles Purple (P) and white (p)
• Genotypic Combos possible
• two dominants PP (homozygous dominant)
• two recessives pp (homozygous recessive)
• One of each Pp (heterozygous)
• Ex 1 White flower (pp) x Purple flower (PP) ?
  __,__,__,__
• Ex 2 White flower (pp) x Purple flower (Pp)
  ?__,__,__,__
• Ex 3 Purple flower (Pp) x Purple flower (Pp)
  ?__,__,__,__

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Try one here.
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Phenotype physical appearance

• PP looks purple, so phenotype is purple
• pp looks white
• Pp looks purple (white is masked, but still
  part of genotype)

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Dihybrid Cross

• The probability of two traits genotypic outcomes
  in a punnett square cross
• Need a 16 box punnett square to determine
  possible outcomes 16 genotypic outcomes
• Alleles are Independently Assorted
• Ex RrYy x RrYy - list all gamete
  possibilities parent 1 RY, Ry, rY, ry
• Parent 2 RY, Ry, rY, ry

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Warm Up 1.12

• You are a medical researcher who has found a
  recessive phenotypic trait (cc) in a plant from
  the Costa Rican Rainforest that cures leukemia.
• You took 2 plants back to your lab from your
  trip. You bred the two parent plants, (genotype
  Cc x cc) and they produced 4 offspring.
• How many of the offspring show the curing type?
• Whats the genotypic ratio of offspring?
  Phenotypic ratio of offspring?
• How could you make sure you continue a genetic
  line of curing plants?

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Dihybrid Cross Add to 4

• Imagine you come from a long line of superhero
  mutants (X-men, the Incredibles, etc). Your mom
  shows the recessive phenotype for flight (ff)
  she can fly your dad does not (Ff). Your dad
  has the recessive phenotype for superhuman
  strength (ss) he can lift a house your mom
  does not show this phenotype (Ss).
• Using a dihybrid cross, what is the proposed
  phenotypic ratio (probability) of you and your
  siblings have the traits
• No Flight, no Strength ?/16
• Flight, no Strength ?/16
• No Flight, Strength ?/16
• Flight, Strength ?/16

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Assignment 3

• Find an article (newspaper, magazine, book)
  discussing genetics.
• Summarize the article (1-2 paragraphs)
• Answer the following What technology is stated
  as being used in the article?
• What, if any, social or medical implications are
  there to this issue?

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Dihybrid Cross Questions

• You are a botanist who grows sells petunias. You
  want to breed the flowers for a pest resistance
  trait so you dont have to spend money on
  pesticides. Resistance is a newly engineered
  recessive trait (rr). Blue petunias are the best
  selling color this year. Blue is a dominant trait
  (BB), brown is recessive.
• You are only given 2 types of petunias from your
  supplier genotype (BBRR) and genotype (bbrr).
  
• Complete a dihybrid cross and determine the
  genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Explain how you
  could breed your petunias using just the
  genotypes you have to maximize profit. What could
  you do? Use a dihybrid punnett square to test the
  hypothesis.

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Assignment 4

• Chapter 11 Section Assessment
• 11-1 and 11-2 1-5
• Write question and answers