Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function

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Lecture 4 Prokaryotic Cell Structure and
Function
Chapter 3 pp. 39 72
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Prokaryotes

• Terms
• Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea

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Cell Size, Shape and Arrangement

• Cell Shape
• Coccus (pl. Cocci)

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Cell Size, Shape and Arrangement

• Cell Shape
• Bacillus (pl. Bacilli)

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Cell Size, Shape and Arrangement

• Cell Shape - others
• Filaments or hyphae
• Spirilla or spirochetes
• Oval or pear shape
• Pleomorphic

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Cell Size, Shape and Arrangement
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Cell Size, Shape and Arrangement

• Cell Size
• Vary vastly

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Prokaryotic Structure
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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cell Membranes
• Plasma Membrane

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Plasma Membrane
• Phospholipids

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Plasma Membrane
• Proteins
• Peripheral
• Integral

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Plasma Membrane
• Fluid mosaic model
• Hopanoids

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cell Membranes
• Internal Membrane

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Internal Membranes
• Mesosomes

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Internal Membranes
• Other internal membranes

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cytoplasmic Matrix
• Protoplast
• Includes inclusion bodies and ribosomes

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cytoplasmic Matrix
• Inclusion Bodies

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Inclusion Bodies
• Glycogen
• poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Inclusion Bodies
• Cyanophycin granules
• Carboxysomes
• Polyphosphate granules
• Sulfur granules

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Inclusion Bodies
• Gas vacuoles

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cytoplasmic Matrix
• Ribosomes

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Prokaryotic Structure
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Prokaryotic Structure

• Nucleoid

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Plasmids

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cell Wall
• Envelope
• Periplasmic space periplasm

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cell Wall
• Gram Negative
• Gram Positive

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cell Wall
• Osmotic protection

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Cell Wall
• Gram - vs Gram

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Peptidoglycan (Murein)
• Polymer of two altering sugar derivatives
• Have short amino acid chains running off the
  polymer
• Polymers are connected with cross links that
  connect the amino acid chains

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Peptidoglycan
• Polymer of two altering sugar derivatives

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Peptidoglycan
• Have short amino acid chains running off the
  polymer

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Peptidoglycan
• Polymers are connected with cross links, which
  connect the amino acid chains

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Gram Positive Cell Wall
• Periplasmic space thick layer of peptidoglycan

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Gram Positive Cell Wall
• Peptidoglycan also contains teichoic Acid

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Gram Negative Cell Wall
• Plasma membrane thin layer of peptidoglycan
  outer membrane

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Outer Membrane
• Brauns lipoprotein
• Adhesion sites

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• Outer Membrane
• Porin proteins

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Outer Membrane
• Composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Components of the Envelope
• Glycocalyx

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Components of the Envelope
• Capsule
• Slime layers

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Components of the Envelope
• S-layer

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Structures projecting from the envelope
• Fimbriae
• Pili

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Motility
• Flagella

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella arrangement
• Monotrichous

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella arrangement
• Amphitrichous

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella arrangement
• Lophotrichous

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella arrangement
• Peritrichous

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella fine structure (ultra structure)
• Filament
• Basal body
• Hook

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Filament
• Made of flagellin

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Basal body
• Gram

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Basal body
• Gram -

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Hook

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella and Bacteria movement
• Filament rotates to move bacteria

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Prokaryotic Structure
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Prokaryotic Structure
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Prokaryotic Structure

• Flagella and Bacteria movement
• The motor consists of moving and non moving parts
  in the basal body
• Energy is derived from a proton gradient

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Prokaryotic Structure
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Prokaryotic Structure

• Chemotaxis
• Positive
• Negative

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Chemotaxis
• No attractant or repellant

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Chemotaxis
• In presence of a chemical gradient (attractant)

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Chemotaxis
• Notes

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores
• Visible under the light microscope

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores
• Subcellular location
• Terminal
• Subterminal
• Central

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores
• Formation sporogenesis or sporulation

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores
• germination

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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores
• Ultrastucure

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Prokaryotic Structure
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Prokaryotic Structure

• Endospores
• Dipicolinic acid
• Calcium