Nester Microbiology Chapter 3: Microscopy and Cell Structure

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NesterMicrobiologyChapter 3 Microscopy and
Cell Structure
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Question 1

• If your microscope has a 10X ocular lens and you
  are using the 100X objective lens, what is the
  total magnification?
• A. 10.
• B. 100.
• C. 110.
• D. 1000.
• E. cannot be determined.

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Question 2

• The ability of a microscope to determine two
  closely related objects as being separate objects
  is referred to as
• A. magnification.
• B. resolution.
• C. contrast.
• D. refraction.
• E. clarification.

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Question 3

• Which of the following types of microscopes is
  used to construct a three-dimensional image of a
  thick structure such as a living cell?
• A. phase-contrast.
• B. fluorescent.
• C. confocal.
• D. transmission electron microscope.
• E. scanning electron microscope.

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Question 4

• All of the following are true regarding
  Gram-staining EXCEPT
• A. It separates bacteria into two major groups,
  Gram-negative and Gram-positive.
• B. Bacteria stain differently based on
  differences in their cell wall composition.
• C. The primary stain will stain both
  Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria purple.
• D. After performing the gram stain procedure,
  Gram-positive bacteria will appear purple and
  Gram-negative bacteria will appear red.
• E. All of the above are true of the Gram stain
  procedure.

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Question 5

• You are given a prepared slide and are told that
  it is a streptobacillus. Without even looking at
  the slide under the microscope, you know which of
  the following? 1. The bacteria are linked
  together in chains. 2. The bacteria are spherical
  in shape. 3. The bacteria are in grape-like
  clusters. 4. The bacteria are rod-shaped. 5. The
  bacteria are Gram-negative.
• A. 1,2.
• B. 1,4.
• C. 2,3.
• D. 2,4.
• E. 1,4,5.

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Question 6

• All of the following are true of prokaryote
  structure EXCEPT
• A. Most possess a cell wall made of
  peptidoglycan.
• B. They possess a single chromosome inside a
  nucleus.
• C. Some possess flagella for motility.
• D. Free ribosomes are used for protein synthesis.
• E. All possess a plasma membrane to regulate the
  movement of substances in and out of the cells.

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Question 7

• All of the following are true of the cell
  membrane of prokaryotes EXCEPT
• A. Phospholipid molecules are arranged with the
  hydrophobic tails facing each other in the middle
  of the membrane.
• B. The hydrophilic head portion of the
  phospholipid bilayer faces the outside of the
  cell and the cytoplasm of the cell.
• C. The proteins are freely movable within the
  membrane.
• D. The membrane is impermeable, that is, it
  prevents substances from entering or leaving the
  cell.
• E. All the above are true.

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Question 8

• The process in which water moves through a
  selectively permeable membrane in the direction
  of higher solute concentration is called
• A. diffusion.
• B. facilitated diffusion.
• C. osmosis.
• D. active transport.
• E. filtration.

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Question 9

• Which of the following would occur if a
  prokaryotic cell is placed in a solution that has
  a higher concentration of nondiffusable solute
  than the cytoplasm of the cell?
• A. Water would move into the cell, pushing the
  cell membrane against the cell wall.
• B. Water would be pulled out of the cell causing
  the cell membrane to be pulled away from the cell
  wall.
• C. Water moving out will equal the water moving
  in and no change in the cell would occur.
• D. Channels would open and the solute would
  equalize in concentration on both sides of the
  membrane.
• E. Both water and solute will move until
  equilibrium is reached.

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Question 10

• Transport processes that require the input of
  energy by the cell and transport substances
  against a concentration gradient are called
• A. active transport.
• B. facilitated diffusion.
• C. diffusion.
• D. transporters.
• E. passive transport.

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Question 11

• Which of the following is/are characteristic(s)
  of Gram-positive cell walls? 1. thick layer of
  peptidoglycan 2. teichoic acid 3. has an outer
  membrane outside of the peptidoglycan 4. lipid A
• A. 1.
• B. 1,2.
• C. 1,2,3.
• D. 2,3.
• E. 1,2,3,4.

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Question 12

• All of the following are true with regard to the
  outer membrane of bacteria EXCEPT
• A. The outside leaflet is composed of
  lipopolysaccharides.
• B. It contains porins that allow passage of
  molecules and ions directly into the cytoplasm.
• C. It acts as a protective barrier by excluding
  many toxic compounds.
• D. It is found in Gram-negative bacteria, not
  Gram-positive.
• E. All the above are true regarding the outer
  membrane.

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Question 13

• A lipopolysaccharide molecule that is released
  from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
  when they die and causes the symptoms of the
  bacterial infection is called a(n)________________
  ____.
• A. porin.
• B. endotoxin.
• C. exotoxin.
• D. plasmid.
• E. peptidoglycan.

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Question 14

• What action does penicillin have that makes it
  effective in treating many types of bacterial
  infections?
• A. It interferes with DNA transcription.
• B. It interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis.
• C. It breaks down the cell wall.
• D. It blocks the electron transport system.
• E. It directly damages the plasma membrane.

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Question 15

• Which of the following structures do bacteria use
  for attachment to surfaces or to each other? 1.
  capsule 2. lipopolysaccharide 3. flagella 4. pili
  5. fimbria
• A. 1,4.
• B. 1,2,5.
• C. 1,3,4.
• D. 1,4,5.
• E. all the above.

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Question 16

• The movement of bacteria in response to chemicals
  in their environment is called
• A. chemotaxis.
• B. phototaxis.
• C. chemokinesis.
• D. aerotaxis.
• E. chemomobility.

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Question 17

• The chromosome of prokaryotes is located in which
  of the following regions?
• A. the nucleus.
• B. the nucleoid.
• C. the plasmid.
• D. the periplasmic space.
• E. the capsule.

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Question 18

• All of the following are true regarding plasmids
  EXCEPT
• A. They are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA.
• B. A single cell can carry only one type of
  plasmid.
• C. The cell ordinarily does not require the
  plasmid for survival.
• D. In some instances the plasmid may be
  advantageous to the cell.
• E. Plasmids can be transferred to other bacteria.

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Question 19

• A resistant, dormant structure that can survive
  adverse conditions and germinate when conditions
  become favorable is called a(n)
• A. endospore.
• B. sporangium.
• C. vegetative cell.
• D. plasmid.
• E. porin.

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Question 20

• An environmental toxin that alters the role of
  the cytoskeleton is least likely to harm the
  following organism.
• A. Bacteria.
• B. Protozoa.
• C. Fungi.
• D. Humans.
• E. Worms.

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Question 21

• Mitochondria and bacteria are chemically very
  similar. One sure way of telling the difference
  between the two is by analyzing differences in
  the following.
• A. Cell membrane.
• B. Ribosomes.
• C. Nucleus.
• D. DNA.
• E. None of the above.

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Question 22

• Chemicals that deplete ATP in a cell are most
  likely to affect which of the following cell
  transport systems?
• A. Active transport.
• B. Passive transport.
• C. Facilitated diffusion.
• D. Diffusion.
• E. Osmosis.

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Question 23

• A microbiologist wants a simple way to attract
  and collect bacteria that grow only in the
  absence of oxygen. She is best served by using
  the following substance or item to attract the
  bacteria from a soil in the field
• A. Oxygen.
• B. Light.
• C. Glucose
• D. A magnet.
• E. None of the above would be effective.

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Question 24

• Many bacterial throat infections are aggravated
  by the fact that the bacteria can attach to
  throat cells. Drugs can be developed that reduce
  the ability of bacteria to stick to surfaces.
  Which of the following structures would most
  likely be affected by these drugs?
• A. Storage granules.
• B. Plasmid.
• C. Cell membrane.
• D. Flagella.
• E. Fimbriae.

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1. D 2. B 3. C 4. E 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9.
B 10. A 11. B 12. E 13. B 14. B 15. D 16.
A 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. A 21. E 22. A 23.
D 24. E