Animal Cognition I Memory Chapter 11

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Animal Cognition I - MemoryChapter 11
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What is Animal Cognition?

• Cognition Latin for knowledge or thinking
• The use of an internal (neural) representation or
  model of some past experience as a basis for
  action (Terrace)
• The processes that act on internal information or
  representations

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S
R
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Internal Representation

• Internal state connecting input to output
• Examples
• Thermostat
• Record or CD
• Basilar membrane of the ear
• Hippocampus
• Requires behavioral methods to study.

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Memory

• All learning requires memory.
• Three stages of learning/memory phenomena
• Acquisition
• Retention
• Retrieval

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Types of Memory

• Reference memory
• Long term retention of events, relationships,
  and procedures.
• Associative learning, rules, skills.
• Working memory
• Short term retention of information, typically
  relevant to the current goals of the individual.
• Telephone , parked car, step in a recipe.

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Working memory in animals

• Hunter (1913) delayed choice in rats, raccoons,
  and dogs.

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Working memory in animals

• Hunter (1913) delayed choice in rats, raccoons,
  and dogs.

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Delayed Matching to Sample (DMTS)
PECK
PECK
NO FOOD
FOOD
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What is Learned in DMTS?
a) General Matching Rule. NO! Cumming
Berryman (1965) - Trained on Red, Green,
Blue - Failed to transfer to Yellow b)
Specific If-Then Rules Symbolic
Matching-To-Sample - Learned as rapidly as
Standard DMTS
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Symbolic Matching to Sample
PECK
PECK
NO FOOD
NO FOOD
FOOD
FOOD
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Memory Coding
What type of information is held in memory during
the delay? a) Retrospective Remember
Sample b) Prospective Remember Comparison
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Roitblat, 1980
Confusion Errors? 1. between samples 2. between
comparisons
Confusions Comparisons Samples
Therefore Prospective Coding
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Olton Sameulson (1976)
Radial Arm Maze
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12-Arm Radial Maze
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12-Arm Radial Maze
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12-Arm Radial Maze
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Radial Maze Movie Clip
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Beatty Shavalia (1980)
Rats made 4 choices on 8 arm maze Removed from
the maze Returned after a delay to maze to make 4
more choices
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Spatial memory in food storing birds
Chickadee
Marsh Tit
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Shettleworth and Krebs (1982)
T1 - Chickadees allowed to store seeds in various
holes T2 Returned later to retrieve seeds
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Mechanisms of Working Memory
Retention Prospective and Retrospective
coding Rehearsal (keep information in active
state) Can we manipulate rehearsal processes?
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Directed Forgetting
Stonebreaker and Rilling (1981) DMTS
Sample
Remember cue
Forget cue
dont peck
ITI
peck
Comparison
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Directed Forgetting
Forget cue
Delay
Poorest
Better
Best
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Reference Memory
Long Term Retrieval Forgetting Amnesia
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Forgetting

• Two alternative explanations
• Information is lost
• Information is there, but not retrievable
• Retrieval failure hypothesis
• Retrieval cues increase access to forgotten
  memory

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Kicking response in infants
Rovee-Collier Reinforced leg kicking with
movement of a mobile Distinctive crib liner
present during training Tested infants next day
with same or different liner
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Kicking response in infants
Same liner
Different liner
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Kicking response in infants
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Recovery from Overshadowing
Group Phase 1 Pretest (1 hr) Test
x Overshadow Ax?US cr Acq.
Control x?US CR US Reminder Ax?US
US CR
Recovery from Latent Inhibition
Group Ph. 1 Ph. 2 Pretest Test
x Preexpose X- X?US cr No
Preexpose Y- X?US CR US Reminder
X- X?US US CR
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Amnesia
Neurological trauma renders memory
inaccessible Retrograde amnesia loss of past
memory temporally graded
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Amnesia reversed by reminder
Amnestic memory can be reactivated by a reminder