BehaviorConsequence Relations - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: BehaviorConsequence Relations


1
Behavior-Consequence Relations
The first few slides review the 4
behavior-consequence relations that exist in
Instrumental conditioning. You will then read 10
example scenarios describing a behavior change.
For each example identify which of the four
relations is represented. For each example you
are reminded to consider four critical pieces of
information before making a decision.
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The Consequence of Responding in Instrumental
Conditioning
(The term consequence is used when there is a
contingent relationship between a behavior and an
event- a consequence is an event that is CAUSED
by a behavior . )
Consequences include events that may involve

• the presentation of a stimulus
• the removal of a stimulus that is already present

Therefore, there are ..
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. Two Types of Contingent Relationships Between
a Response and a Consequence

• Positive contingency - when a response causes
  the presentation of a stimulus.
• Negative contingency - when a response causes the
  removal of a stimulus that is already present.

But remember that there are . . .
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. . .Different Types of Stimulus Events

• Pleasant (desired appetitive)
• Unpleasant (undesired, aversive)
• neutral

NOTE Some writers use the term positive to
refer to pleasant events and negative to refer
to unpleasant events. This leads to logical
inconsistencies and confusion. We will use the
terms positive and negative to describe the
contingent relationships, NOT the type of
stimulus.
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Two Types of Effects of Behavior- Consequence
Relationships on Behavior

• Reinforcement - any contingent relationship
  between a consequence and response that causes
  the response to increase in frequency.
• Punishment - any contingent relationship between
  a consequence and response that causes the
  response to decrease in frequency.

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Four Types of Behavior-Consequence Relationships
in Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning
Type of Stimulus
Appetitive
Aversive
Positive (Stimulus Added)
PR
PP
Contingency
Negative (Stimulus Removed)
NP
NR
behavior increases in frequency
1st Letter P positive
N negative
2nd Letter R reinforcement P
punishment
behavior decreases in frequency
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Behavior - Consequence Relationships
Introduction
All of the following situations are examples of
either positive reinforcement, negative
reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative
punishment. Read each example and identify the
type of behavior-event relationship. The answer
is on the next page.
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Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 1
Zelda always rode her bicycle no-handed to
show off in front of her boyfriend. One day she
was speeding down a hill - no-handed of course -
and skidded face-first into a mud puddle. Now
Zelda rides her bike with both hands. The
behavior of interest (BOI) is riding no-handed.
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Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 1
Zelda always rode her bicycle no-handed to
show off in front of her boyfriend. One day she
was speeding down a hill - no-handed of course -
and skidded face-fist into a mud puddle. New
Zelda rides her bike with both hands. The
behavior of interest (BOI) is riding no-handed.
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Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 2
Denise was always embarrassed when she got the
hiccups during a class, so she developed a fast,
sure-fire, cure. She holds her breath, counts to
fifteen, then releases her breath as she says her
name backwards. Now, whenever she has the
hiccups, Denise emits this series of behaviors
(BOI).
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Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 2
Denise was always embarrassed when she got the
hiccups during a class, so she developed a fast,
sure-fire, cure. She holds her breath, counts to
fifteen, then releases her breath as she says her
name backwards. Now, whenever she has the
hiccups, Denise emits this series of behaviors
(BOI).
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 3
One day, while in a traffic jam, Tympannia could
not hear her car radio. She rolled up her car
window, thus shutting out the traffic noises.
Now, whenever she gets caught in a traffic jam,
she rolls up the window (BOI).
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 3
One day, while in a traffic jam, Tympannia could
not hear her car radio. She rolled up her car
window, thus shutting out the traffic noises.
Now, whenever she gets caught in a traffic jam,
she rolls up the window (BOI).
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 4
Flossies mother held her hand while the dentist
drilled away. Whenever, Flossie began to cry,
her mother her mother would let go of her hand
and leave the room. When she stopped crying, her
mother would return again and hold her hand. As
a result, Flossie cried less (BOI) at the dentist.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 4
Flossies mother held her hand while the dentist
drilled away. Whenever, Flossie began to cry,
her mother her mother would let go of her hand
and leave the room. When she stopped crying, her
mother would return again and hold her hand. As
a result, Flossie cried less (BOI) at the dentist.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 5
Mary constantly came home late after a date.
Her father scolded her whenever this happened.
After a few of these occasions, Mary managed to
make it home before curfew. The BOI is coming
home late.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 5
Mary constantly came home late after a date.
Her father scolded her whenever this happened.
After a few of these occasions, Mary managed to
make it home before curfew. The BOI is coming
home late.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 6
Clem always left his coat and books outside the
cafeteria during lunch. One time after dining he
discovered that his coat was missing. Now Clem
always locks his books and new coat in the dorm
before eating. The BOI is leaving his belongings
outside the cafeteria during meals.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 6
Clem always left his coat and books outside the
cafeteria during lunch. One time after dining he
discovered that his coat was missing. Now Clem
always locks his books and new coat in the dorm
before eating. The BOI is leaving his belongings
outside the cafeteria during meals.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 7
Little Tommy pointed to the donut shop as he and
his mother were passing by it. Mommy, can we
get some donuts? he asked. She slammed on the
brakes, wheeled the car into the parking lot, and
brought a dozen delicious treats. Several days
later they were again passing the donut shop.
Mommy, can we get some donuts? Tommy asked
again. Again his mother complied. Several weeks
and twelve dozen donuts later, Tommy was asking
for the donuts daily (BOI).
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 7
Little Tommy pointed to the donut shop as he and
his mother were passing by it. Mommy, can we
get some donuts? he asked. She slammed on the
brakes, wheeled the car into the parking lot, and
brought a dozen delicious treats. Several days
later they were again passing the donut shop.
Mommy, can we get some donuts? Tommy asked
again. Again his mother complied. Several weeks
and twelve dozen donuts later, Tommy was asking
for the donuts daily (BOI).
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 8
Your dogs coat was full of burrs he while
romping through the field. He cried until you
removed them. Since that fateful day, he has
cried (BOI) whenever he has burrs in his coat.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 8
Your dogs coat was full of burrs he while
romping through the field. He cried until you
removed them. Since that fateful day, he has
cried (BOI) whenever he has burrs in his coat.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 9
William wasnt really much of a writer. One
day, for lack of something better to do, he wrote
a poem to his girl, Ophelia. When she read it,
she cried sweet tears and whispered, Oh,
William! How beautiful! Consequently, William
regularly turns out love poems (BOI) - and even a
few plays.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 9
William wasnt really much of a writer. One
day, for lack of something better to do, he wrote
a poem to his girl, Ophelia. When she read it,
she cried sweet tears and whispered, Oh,
William! How beautiful! Consequently, William
regularly turns out love poems (BOI) - and even a
few plays.
26
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 10
Fred was constantly swearing, regardless of what
he was doing or was around. One day, Foul
Freddies wife took his ten-dollar beer allowance
from him when she heard him swear. She continued
this procedure, and consequently Fred was
swearing less and less (BOI) around her.
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Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 10
Fred was constantly swearing, regardless of what
he was doing or was around. One day, Foul
Freddies wife took his ten-dollar beer allowance
from him when she heard him swear. She continued
this procedure, and consequently Fred was
swearing less and less (BOI) around her.