Operation Joint Endeavor

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Operation Joint Endeavor

• By CPT Robert L. Crabtree
• and
• CPT Jeffrey S. Fehmi

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References

• CALL Newsletter 97-1 Operation Joint Endeavor
• http//www.cco.caltech.edu/bosnia/us/us.html
• Other web resources

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Outline

• Introduction - CPT Crabtree
• History - CPT Crabtree
• Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi
• Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi
• Summary - CPT Fehmi
• Questions - CPT Crabtree and CPT Fehmi
• Conclusions

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History
Military Operations Other Than War Operation
Joint Endeavor CPT Crabtree
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History Outline

• Background
• IFOR Mission
• IFOR Accomplishments
• From IFOR to SFOR
• Participation
• Civilian Aspect

• Task Force Eagle
• Multinational Division (North)
• Mission
• Changes of Command
• Summary

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Background(1 of 2)

• On 14 December 1995 the Bosnia Peace Agreement
  was signed in Paris, after it had been negotiated
  in Dayton, Ohio, ending the four year Balkan
  conflict.
• On 16 December the Alliance's North Atlantic
  Council launched the largest military operation
  ever undertaken by the Alliance, Operation Joint
  Endeavor.

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Background(2 of 2)

• Based on UN Security Council Resolution 1031,
  NATO was given the mandate to implement the
  military aspects of the Peace Agreement.
• A NATO-led multinational force, called the
  implementation force (IFOR), started its mission
  on 20 December 1995.
• IFOR was given a one year mandate.

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IFOR Mission

• Maintaining the cessation of hostilities.
• Separating the armed forces of the Bosnian-Croat
  Entity (the Federation) and the Bosnian Serb
  Entity (the Republika Srpska) by mid-January
  1996.
• Transferring areas between the two Entities by
  mid March.
• Moving the Parties' forces and heavy weapons into
  approved sites, which was realized by the end of
  June.

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IFOR Accomplishments

• In the remainder of the year IFOR continued to
  patrol along the 1,400 km long demilitarized
  inter-entity boundary line.
• Regularly inspected over 800 sites containing
  heavy weapons and other equipment.
• In carrying out these tasks it opened 2,500 km of
  roads, repaired or replaced over 60 bridges, and
  freed up Sarajevo airport and important railway
  lines.

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From IFOR to SFOR

• In November and December 1996, NATO Foreign
  Ministers agreed to reduce the military presence
  and implemented a Stabilization Force on 20
  December 1996.

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From IFOR to SFOR

• The role of IFOR (Operation Joint Endeavor) was
  to implement the peace.
• The role of SFOR (Operation Joint Guard) is to
  stabilize the peace.
• The difference between the tasks of IFOR and SFOR
  is reflected in the name of their missions.

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SFOR Mission

• The primary mission of SFOR is to contribute to
  the secure environment necessary for the
  consolidation of peace.

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SFOR's Role and Mandate

• Its specific tasks are
• To deter or prevent a resumption of hostilities
  or new threats to peace.
• To consolidate IFOR's achievements and promote a
  climate in which the peace process can continue
  to move forward.
• To provide selective support to civilian
  organizations within its capabilities.

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Participation(1 of 2)
Approximately 32,000 troops from 19 NATO Nations

• Belgium
• Canada
• Czech Republic
• Denmark
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• Iceland

• Italy
• Luxembourg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Poland
• Portugal
• Spain
• Turkey
• USA

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Participation(1 of 2)
16 Non- NATO nations

• Albania
• Austria
• Austria
• Argentina
• Bulgaria
• Estonia
• Finland
• Ireland
• Latvia

• Lithuania
• Morocco
• Romania
• Russia
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Sweden
• Ukraine

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Civilian Aspects

• For lasting peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina, full
  implementation of the civilian aspects of the
  Peace Agreement is crucial.
• By continuing the implementation of the military
  aspects of the Dayton Agreement, NATO is helping
  to ensure a secure environment conducive to civil
  and political reconstruction.

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• "The patriot volunteer, fighting for his country
  and his rights, makes the most reliable soldier
  on earth. -- Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson ."

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Task Force Eagle

• Task force Eagle, comprised of 20,000 American
  soldiers, is implementing the military elements
  of the Dayton peace accords in support of
  Operation Joint Endeavor.

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Task Force Eagle

• The United States 1st Armored Division, as part
  of NATO's Allied Command Europe, Rapid Reaction
  Corps, was ordered to Bosnia-Herzegovina as part
  of Operation Joint Endeavor.
• Task Force Eagle was formed and assumed control
  of its area of responsibility on December 20,
  1995.

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Multinational Division (North) (MND(N))

• After the historic bridging of the Sava river on
  December 31, 1995, the Old Ironsides Division,
  with supporting Forces from the Fifth U.S. Corps,
  was joined by Nordic-Polish, Turkish and Russian
  Brigades - in total 12 Nations.

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Multinational Division (North) (MND(N))
These nations include

• Estonia
• Latvia
• Finland
• Poland
• Denmark
• Lithuania

• Norway
• Iceland
• Sweden
• Russia
• Turkey
• United States

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Mission

• Task Force Eagle enforced the cease fire,
  supervised the marking of boundaries and the zone
  of separation between the former warring
  factions, enforced the withdrawal of the
  combatants to their barracks and the movement of
  heavy weapons to designated storage sites.

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Mission

• Task Force Eagle also supported the Organization
  for Security and Cooperation in Europe's efforts
  to administer the country's first ever,
  democratic national elections.

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Changes of Command

• 1st Infantry Division 10 November 1996.
• Stabilization Force (SFOR).
• Operation Joint Guard.
• 1st Armored Division 22 Oct 97.
• 1st Cavalry Division 20 June, 1998.
• Operation Joint Guard ended.
• Operation Joint Forge.

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Changes of Command

• 10th Mountain Division 4 August 1999.
• 49th Armored Division 7 March 2000.

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Changes of Command

• No timeline for the duration of Operation Joint
  Forge has been established. The mission will be
  assessed periodically and the force commitment
  will be adjusted, as circumstances require.

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History Summary

• This operation marked the first commitment of
  forces in NATO's history as well as the first
  time since World War II that American and Russian
  soldiers have shared a common mission.
• Today, thousands of people are alive in Bosnia
  because of these soldiers' service.

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Outline

• Introduction - CPT Crabtree
• History - CPT Crabtree
• Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi
• Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi
• Summary - CPT Fehmi
• Questions - CPT Crabtree and CPT Fehmi
• Conclusions

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Dissemination of Lessons Learned
Military Operations Other Than War Operation
Joint Endeavor CPT Fehmi
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Embrace the lesson process

• AAR every operation
• Document tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP)
• Submit best
• Disseminate every 72 hours latest lesson
• Include joint services

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Outline

• Introduction - CPT Crabtree
• History - CPT Crabtree
• Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi
• Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi
• Summary - CPT Fehmi
• Questions - CPT Crabtree and CPT Fehmi
• Conclusions

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Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)

• Military Operations Other Than War
• Operation Joint Endeavor
• CPT Fehmi

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TTP Outline

• Mines and Booby traps
• Operations security and tactics
• Safety
• Maintenance
• Summary of Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

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How to avoid mines and booby traps?

• Ensure known obstacles are disseminated to lowest
  levels
• Use plugger
• Good land navigation
• Avoid unimproved roads
• Avoid roads the locals dont use
• Avoid narrow or constricted roads
• Stay in the center of the roadway
• Avoid structures not in use

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Booby Traps

• The use of booby traps is limited only by the
  imagination
• Usually explosive
• Unsuspecting person harmless object or safe
  act.
• Kill or incapacitate.
• Unexpected, random casualties and damage.
• Create uncertainty and suspicion lowering morale
  and inducing caution that restricts or slows
  movement.

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What should you do if you find a mine or booby
trap?

• ID from a distance
• Dont touch
• Mark it and move away
• Call EOD
• Call EOD
• Call EOD

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What to do if you are hit by a mine?

• Stay in vehicle
• Bring food and water for overnight stay
• Stay in contact
• Keep convoy together
• If you have to evacuate, walk back in the tracks
• Pre-attach cables

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Operations Security and Tactics

• Understand actions on contact
• Follow convoy procedures - take towbar.
• Keep your eyes open and report
• Predict civilian problems
• Arrange medical assets on-site
• Deter crime and document civilian activities
• Coordinate everything

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Safety

• Tent fires
• Convoy risks to children
• Dont give away combat rations
• Winter driving
• Wind storms
• Accidental discharges

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Maintenance

• Continue regular maintenance
• Vehicle washing
• Food poisoning

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Summary

• Introduction - CPT Crabtree
• History - CPT Crabtree
• Dissemination of Lessons Learned - CPT Fehmi
• Tactics Techniques and Procedures - CPT Fehmi

Dont make the same mistake twice.
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Questions

• What are your questions?

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Conclusion

• Direct every military operation toward a
  clearly defined, decisive, and obtainable
  objective.
• FM 100-5