Referencing - Harvard Style

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Referencing - Harvard Style

• A guide
• How to refer to writers in your texts
• A formula for each type of resource, i.e. book,
  journal, video, email, electronic journal, web
  page
• How to create a proper bibliography

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Harvard ReferencingWhy you have to use it

• Evidence of background reading
• Acknowledge the research of others
• Avoid accusations of plagiarism
• Makes you include complete information
• Easy to trace the background research used
• Helps other researchers

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Harvard ReferencingSome language explained

• CITING - acknowledging in the text
• CITATION - the passage or words quoted within
  your text
• REFERENCES - list of sources and detailed
  description of works used

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Harvard ReferencingHow does it work?

• There are 2 elements to referencing other
  peoples work
• The first is in the body of the text or in the
  middle of your essay or report, when you refer to
  someones ideas.
• The second is at the back of your work when you
  list everything you have referred to in full.

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Citing in the text

• Authors surname and year of publication in
  brackets
• e.g.
• The work of Preece (2004) and Rawcliffe (2006)
  was concerned to emphasise the importance of
  quality in social research.

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Citing in the text Direct Quotes

• Name, Year and Page number appear in brackets
• e.g.
• These resting times provide periods for
  reflection and permit time for new things to be
  learned, mastered and brought to fruition.
  (Jones, 2006 122)

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Citing in the text Multiple Authors

• 2 or 1 author/s
• e.g. Cutler, T. and Williams, J. (2006) believe
  that the fermentation process is prolonged by
  such low temperatures.
• 3 or more authors
• e.g. Matlock, J. et al. (2004) discussed the
  use of electronic databases.

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Citing in the text Electronic Sources

• Electronic journal and web site with an author
• Cite the author and date as usual.
• e.g.
• Turner (2006) has created many useful graphs
  showing the transition between the different age
  groups.

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Citing in the text Electronic Sources

• Web site without author
• Where the web page has no author, use the title
  of the page as the point of reference.
• e.g.
• A recent study (Imperial Cancer Research Fund,
  2005) has stated that lung cancer is the most
  common form of the disease in the UK.

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Reference sectionWhat is it?

• Alphabetical list at the end of your work
• It gives the FULL reference
• The following formulas are to make sure that you
  do not miss out a crucial fact and then fail to
  trace that work again
• Not everything can be included on one guide, the
  most important thing to remember is to keep your
  references consistent

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BOOKSInclude the following information

• Author(s) / Editor(s) / Organisation
• Year in brackets,
• Title and Subtitle (Underlined or Italics)
• Series (if present)
• Edition
• Place of publication
• Publisher

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Book ReferenceIn the reference section

• e.g.
• Spence, B. ed. (2005), Secondary School
  Management in the 1990s Challenge and Change,
  London Independent Publishers.
• e.g.
• Mohr, L.B. (2006), Impact for Analysis for
  Program Evaluation, Second Edition, London Sage.

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Example Exercise

• You have read a book called New directions in
  action research.
• It was published in 2006.
• The location of the publisher is London.
• The publishers name is Falmer Press and it was
  written by Ortrun Zuber-Skerritt.

Translate this into a Harvard Reference
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Right order and punctuation

• Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (2006)
• New Directions in Action Research
• London
• Falmer Press

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Correct Reference

• Zuber-Skerritt, O. ed. (2006), New Directions in
  Action Research, London Falmer Press.

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Journal ArticlesInclude the following
information

• Author(s) of article
• Year in brackets
• Article title (in quotations)
• Journal title (Underlined or Italics)
• Volume, Part, Issue, Month/Season
• Page numbers

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Journal Article In the reference section

• e.g.
• Lucas, K.B. and Lidstone, J.G. (2005), Ethical
  Issues in Teaching About Research Ethics,
  Evaluation and Research in Education, Vol. 4, No.
  1, pp. 53-64.

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Example Exercise

• You have read in a journal called Studies in
  Higher Education an article called "Learning to
  Learn More than a Skills Set
• It is written by Mike Rawson
• It was published in 2002
• It is issue number 2
• It is on pages 225 - 238 and is volume number 25
• Translate this into a Harvard reference

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Correct Reference

• Rawson, M. (2006), Learning to Learn More that
  a Skill Set, Studies in Higher Education, Vol.
  25, No. 2, pp. 225-238.

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Newspaper ArticleIn the reference section

• e.g.
• Baty, P. (2005), Learners are Born, Says
  Report, Times Higher Education Supplement, 16th
  January, p.5.

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Chapters in BooksIn ReferencesInclude the
following information

• Author of chapter/section
• Year of publication (in brackets)
• Title of chapter/section (in quotations)
• In
• Author / Editor of collected work
• Title of the collected work (Underlined or
  italics)
• Place of publication
• Publishers name
• Page numbers

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In the References section

• e.g.
• Porter, M.A. (2003), The Modification of Method
  in Researching Postgraduate Education, In
  Burgess, R.G. ed. The Research Process in
  Educational Settings Ten Case Studies, London
  Falmer Press, pp.17-28.

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Film and VideoInclude the following information

• Series title
• Series number
• Year (in brackets)
• Programme title (Underlined or Italics)
• Place of publication
• Publishers name
• Date of transmission
• MediumFormat

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VideosIn the bibliography

• Commercial videos
• e.g. Yol (2004), Directed by Yilmaz Guney,
  London, Artificial Eye, videoVHS.
• Television programmes and off-air recordings
• e.g. World in Action (2005), All work and no
  play, London ITV, 21st January videoVHS.

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Sound RecordingsIn the bibliography

• e.g.
• Mozart, W.A. Symphony no. 38 in D major, Vienna
  Philharmonic. Polydor. sound recordingcompact
  disk.
• e.g.
• Children language and literature (2004) Milton
  Keynes, Open University Press sound
  recordingaudiocassette.

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Web PagesInclude the following information

• Author(s) / Editor(s) if known
• Year (in brackets)
• Title (Underlined or Italics)
• Internet
• Edition
• Place of publication
• Publishers name (if available)
• Available from ltURLgt
• Date accessed

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Web PageIn the reference section

• e.g. Rowett, S. (2005), Higher Education for
  Capability Autonomous Learning for Life and Work
  Internet. Higher Education for Capability.
  Available from lthttp//www.lle.mdx.ac.uk/hec/abou
  t.htmgt Accessed 8 August 2006.
• e.g. The Architecture Foundation (2005),
  Architecture Foundation Online Internet.
  Available from lthttp//www.architecturefoundation
  .org.uk/home.htmgt Accessed 17 August 2006.

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Electronic Journal ArticlesInclude the following
information

• Author(s) / Editor(s)
• Year (in brackets)
• Title of article
• Title of journal (Underlined or Italics)
• type of medium
• Date of publication, volume, issue, page number
• Available from ltURLgt
• Date accessed

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Electronic Journal In the reference section

• e.g.
• Glasbergen, P. and Groenenberg, R. (2006),
  Environmental partnerships in sustainable
  energy, European Environment Internet,
  January/February, 11 (1), pp.1-13. Available
  from lthttp//www3.interscience.wiley.comgt
  Accessed 12 August 2006.

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Online imagesInclude the following information

• Title of image, or a description (Underlined or
  Italics)
• Year (in brackets)
• Online image or Online video
• Available from ltURLgt
• Filename including extension
• Date accessed

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Online imagesIn the reference section

• e.g.
• Hubble Space Telescope Release in the Space
  Shuttles Payload Bay (2005) Online image.
  Available from lthttp//explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/
  gt SPACE/GIF/s31-04-015.gif, Accessed 6 July
  2005.

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Email discussion listsInclude the following
information

• Author / Editor
• Year (in brackets)
• Title of message
• Discussion list name and date of message
  (Underlined or Italics)
• Internet discussion list
• Available from ltemail list addressgt
• Date accessed

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Email discussion listsIn the reference section

• e.g.
• Brack, E.V. (2006), Computing and short courses,
  Lis-link 2 May 1996 Internet discussion list.
  Available from ltmailbase_at_mailbase.ac.ukgt
  Accessed 15 April 2006.

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Personal email messagesInclude the following
information

• Senders name
• Senders email address (in brackets)
• Day Month Year
• Subject of message (Underlined or Italics)
• Email to followed by recipients name
• Recipients email address (in brackets)

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Personal email messagesIn the bibliography

• e.g.
• Lawrence, S. (slawrence.goyh_at_go-regions.gsi.gov.u
  k), 6 July 2006, Re government office for
  Yorkshire and Humberside information, E-mail to
  F. Burton (l.burton_at_intercollege.ac.cy).

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Sample of Reference Section

• Bennett,H. Gunter, H. and Reid, S. (2006),
  Through a Glass Darkly Images of Appraisal,
  Journal of Teacher Development, Vol. 5, No. 3,
  October, pp. 39-46.
• Now Voyager (1942), Directed by Irving Rapper,
  New York Warner Film35mm.
• Smith, B. (2004), Learning Styles, London
  Academic Press.