Citing and referencing: a best practice guide

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Citing and referencing a best practice guide
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Class Objectives

• Produce a bibliography using appropriate citation
  standards including
• Demonstrating an awareness of what plagiarism is
  and how to avoid it
• Formatting citations according to conventions in
  their discipline.
• Use reference management software such as Endnote
  or a web based one, e.g. Zotero.

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Why do we need to cite?

• To acknowledge the work of other writers
  quoting without plagiarising
• To demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you
  have based your work
• To enable other researchers to trace your sources
  and lead them on to further information
• A standard system of citing ensures an easier
  system of tracing knowledge more efficiently.
• The bibliography for your dissertation represents
  the results of your literature search - you may
  wish to discuss your search method in the text of
  your dissertation e.g., in the methodology
  section or chapter.

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Contradictions in academic writing

• Provide evidence of research, but
• write something new and original.
• Appeal to experts and authorities, but
• improve upon or disagree with experts and
  authorities.
• Improve your English by using the structures and
  vocabulary you hear and read, but
• use your own words, create your own voice.
• Give credit/acknowledgement where necessary, but
  
• make your own significant contribution.

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Your Research

• Your thesis is expected to be original research
  you need to find a niche
• But your work doesnt happen in isolation!
• In many subjects you will need a literature
  review as one of your key chapters
• You can BUILD on previous work but it must be
  properly acknowledged.
• Literature review vs systematic review

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Dont forget
Key points to remember

• To paraphrase (i.e. put another authors
  ideas/words into your own) a paraphrase must be
  cited
• If you quote text, indicate what is quoted and
  where it comes from
• If you use ideas or any other intellectual
  property belonging to someone else, acknowledge
  your source
• If the facts are common knowledge there is no
  need to provide a citation but if you are in any
  doubt it is better to be safe and cite our source

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Examples of plagiarism

• Cutting and pasting from other documents.
• Quoting without quotation marks or references.
• Paraphrasing without referencing.
• Summarising without referencing.
• Using an image, source and/or diagram without
  referencing.
• Taking another students ideas and passing them
  off as your own.
• Re-cycling your own work which has been submitted
  for assessment elsewhere.
• Collaborating on what should be individual work.
• Translating a document from another language

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Tips for collecting references

• Devise a method that allows ease of sorting and
  retrieving
• organise by subject / alphabetically / by date
• organise electronically? Endnote?
• Note relevant information at the first
  opportunity and at the appropriate level of
  detail saves time in the long run!!
• Note the quality / the relevance of the source

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Organising your references

• My References options catalogues or databases
• Delicious for websites
• Zotero (firefox plug in)
• Mendeley, Cite-U-Like, Connotea
• EndNote
• Use EndNote to build a store of references
• Use EndNote to interact with Word and create
  automatic bibliographies

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Basics of EndNote

• Opening an EndNote Library
• Searching the Catalogue using EndNote
• Creating and editing records
• Importing records

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Information needed

• Search for a book on the library catalogue.
• Search for a journal article
• How should you cite these in-text and in your
  bibliography?
• What details are important?
• Record in your workbook

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Citing web pages

• Include the following information
• Author (might be an organisation not a person),
• Title of page
• Date (may have no date)
• Date accessed. URL
• Many different types of resources on the web
• An online journal article
• A working paper
• A home page or website more generally
• If youve read a pdf of an article online
• e.g. via JSTOR just treat this as a journal
  article, not a webpage

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Citing Theses

• Include the following information
• Author
• Theses title
• Year of theses
• Institution presenting the theses
• City where the institution is based
• Level of theses e.g. PhD-not always necessary
• Academic Department-not always necessary

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Citing Archive Materials

• Archive materials can vary widely
• Author or creator's name
• Title of the work
• Date
• Publication information
• Collection name
• Box and folder
• Repository. i.e. archive/private collection etc
• Group under collection rather than individual
  author of particular MSS-this is because often
  such materials don't have individual authors

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Citing fieldwork

• Primary sources such as interview data may be
  cited using Harvard, but discuss with your
  supervisor sometimes they are not included in
  the References list/Bibliography
• May be confidential
• Add to your appendix, not bibliography
• Example of citing interviews
• Peters, M. Personal interview. 22 June 2004.
• Cohan, S. Telephone interview. 23 April 2004.

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• Citation method in text or footnotes
• Bibliographic styles

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The Harvard citation system

• This system is recommended at LSE for theses
• Confusingly, sometimes called the Harvard style
  but this is the Harvard style of referencing, not
  a bibliographical style
• It is a method of citing in-text using
  author-date with bibliographical references at
  the end in alphabetical order by author. So, you
  can have the author-date in-text (Harvard system)
  citations using the APA style, the Chicago style,
  etc.
• A second system the Vancouver or Numbered
  system in-text citation using a number with
  bibliographical list at end in numerical order
• A third system footnotes with footnote
  references or bibliography at the end
• Apart from the Law Department who recommend
  footnotes, Check your departmental MSc handbook!

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What about formatting word order?

• Now youve collected your references what
  formatting should you choose?
• Bibliographic style is a personal choice and
  different to the Harvard system
• It is about whether titles are italicized,
  authors full names or initials are included
• There are lots of these to choose from or you can
  create your own
• Look at other theses from your Department and
  follow precedents for your discipline
• Be consistent!
• EndNote will do a lot of the hard work for you
• if you use this.

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Bibliographic styles

• There are over 3000 bibliographic styles
  supported by EndNote! The most well known
  include
• Chicago (known also as Turabian)
• Commonly used in history and the natural
  sciences
• American Psychological Association (APA) Commonly
  used in psychology and the social sciences
• Modern Languages Association (MLA)
• Commonly used in the humanities - especially
  the fields of literature and languages

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Formatting books-some examples

• APA
• (Bryson, 1995, p.12)
• Bryson, B. (1995). Notes from a small island.
  London Black Swan.
• Chicago
• (Bryson 1995, 12)
• Bryson, Bill. Notes from a small island. London
  Black Swan, 1995.

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Formatting journal articles-some examples

• APA Style
• (Secker, 1997, p. 53)
• Secker, J. (1997). The digital library a new
  perspective. Journal of Documentation 13(2),
  53-65
• Chicago Style
• (Secker 1997, 53)
• Secker, Jane. (1997). The digital library a new
  perspective. Journal of Documentation 13 (2)
  53-65.

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Formatting book chapters-some examples

• APA Style
• Ullestad, N. (1992). Diverse rock rebellions
  subvert mass media hegemony. In R. Garofalo
  (Ed.), Rockin' the boat mass music and mass
  movements (pp.23-45). Boston South End Press
• Chicago Style
• Ullestad, Neal. Diverse rock rebellions subvert
  mass media hegemony, In Rockin' the boat mass
  music and mass movements, ed. R. Garofalo, 23-45.
  Boston South End Press, 1992.

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Formatting web pages-some examples

• APA
• Freedland, J. (2004, June 8). Please, no more
  1960s. Retrieved 9 June 2004, from Guardian
  Unlimited Website http//www.guardian.co.uk/
• Chicago
• Freedland, Jonathan. 2004, June 8. Please, no
  more 1960s. Guardian Unlimited.
  http//www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673
  ,1234380,00.html (accessed 9 June 2004).

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Formatting theses-some examples

• APA
• Baker, M. S. (1994). The Parents' Music Resource
  Center symbolic conflict amidst structural
  decay in the United States. University of Exeter,
  Exeter.
• Chicago
• Baker, Mark S. 1994. The Parents' Music Resource
  Center symbolic conflict amidst structural
  decay in the United States, Department of
  Sociology, University of Exeter, Exeter.

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EndNote

• Selecting a style
• Creating a bibliography in Word
• Troubleshooting

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Additional tips

• Quoting

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Quoting

• If you use a direct quotation from an author you
  should make this clear with quotation marks
• You should include the page number/s
• If a quote is more than two lines of text indent
  the quote.
• Use three full stops to indicate any omitted text
  but be careful not to change the meaning
• Be careful of longer quotes

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Short quotation

• Example of short quotation
•   
• Patton (1995, p. 6) believes that evaluation
  is an essential part of qualitative research and
  this could be argued to form the basis of his
  work. 

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Long quotation

• Longer quotes are indented
•  
• Several studies have been written in this field
  of research methodology and it has been argued
  that
• evaluation is an essential part of qualitative
  research and should be considered before the
  researcher begins to undertaken their fieldwork.
  Moreover, it is a crucial stage in the process. 
  (Patton, 1995, p. 6)

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Creating your bibliography

• If you use EndNote, it does a lot of the hard
  work for you
• Need to decide how to arrange references
  alphabetical, by type of resource
• Separate primary / secondary sources?
• Separate print / electronic not usually necessary
• Look for examples in your department

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Further help

• Library offer classes throughout the year, so do
  come back if you need a refresher
• Listen to the podcast
• Lots of resources in Moodle
• Language Centre and Teaching Learning Centre
  can offer help and advice with writing advice
  e.g. paraphrasing, improving your English, so you
  can put what you read into your own words.

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