Movement Fundamentals for Urban Operations

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Movement Fundamentals for Urban Operations

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Title: Movement Fundamentals for Urban Operations

1
MovementFundamentals for Urban Operations
2
References

FM 3-06.11
Center For Army Lessons Learned Newsletter No.03-4

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Basic Movement Fundamentals

Open areas such as streets, alleys, and parks,
should be avoided. They are natural kill zones
for enemy crew-served weapons or snipers
Smoke can be used to obscure movement and does
not degrade thermal capabilities
Always conduct a visual reconnaissance before
moving to next position that provides the best
cover and concealment
Develop a plan for movement that incorporates the
shortest distance and best route

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Movement Parallel to buildings

Maintain 12 from wall to avoid ricochets
Stay in shadows
Maintain a low silhouette
Move rapidly to next position

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Movement Past Windows

Avoid exposing your head in a first floor window
and be aware of basement windows
Step or Jump over basement windows to avoid
detection by the enemy

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Movement Around Corners

The most common mistake a soldier makes at a
corner is allowing his weapon to extend beyond
the corner exposing his position (this mistake is
known as flagging your weapon)
The Soldier should show his head below the height
an enemy soldier would expect to see it. The
soldier lies flat on the ground and does not
extend his weapon beyond the corner

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Movement Around Corners

Another corner clearing technique that is used
when speed is required is the pie-ing method.
This procedure is done by aiming the weapon
beyond the corner into the direction of travel
(without flagging) and side-stepping around the
corner in a circular fashion with the muzzle as
the pivot point

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Crossing A Wall

Roll over the wall quickly, keeping a low
silhouette. Speed of movement and a low
silhouette deny the enemy a good target

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Movement Between Positions

When moving from position to position, each
soldier must be careful not to mask his
supporting fires
Be prepared to cover the movement of other
members of his fire team or squad

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Firing From Cover

The correct technique for firing from a covered
position is to fire around the side of the cover,
which reduces exposure to the enemy
Another common error is for a right-handed
shooter to fire from the right shoulder around
the left corner of a building
Right-handed and left-handed soldiers should be
trained to adapt cover and concealment to fit
their manual orientation. Soldiers should be able
to fire from the opposite shoulder

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Movement Techniques

4 Man Stack
Rolling T
Serpentine
Split Team High Man Low Man

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Crossing Alleys4 Man Stack
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BOUTBounding Over watch in Urban Terrain

Remember BOUT! It is always preferred to have
another element in over watch. Elements such as
tanks BFVs crew-served weapons/snipers provide
long security. Other elements such as fire
teams/squads/platoons can provide close security.

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The 1 man and 2 man are moving abreast with
interlocking sectors of fire.
The 1 man and 2 man should not be the M249 SAW
gunner. It is not a good idea to have an open
bolt weapon in the lead because of the
probability of a jam and the time required to
work through it.
The team leader is the 3 man. He controls the
speed of the team. His sector of fire is
straightforward. It is important that his muzzle
is forward of the 1 and 2 man.
The 4 man is responsible for rear security.

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Clearing hallways is just like clearing a trench
and the same technique applies to clearing
corners or intersections within the building.
Throw a M67, fragmentation grenade around the
corner if there are no noncombatants intermingled
with the enemy , rules of engagement (ROE) allow,
and the building structure is sufficiently
stable.

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Single Team Corner MovementRolling T
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Single Team T-Shaped Intersection
MovementRolling T
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Single Team Dynamic Corner MovementRolling T
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Split Team Hallway Movement

This technique keeps soldiers out of the middle
of the hallway. It also incorporates the high man
low man technique for clearing corners and
intersections.

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Split Team Corner Movement
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Split Team T-Shaped Intersection Movement
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Split Team Dynamic Corner Movement
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Multiple Team / Squad Movement Straight Ahead

There will be certain structures, like schools
and airport terminals, with large hallways. These
large hallways might require two teams to clear.

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Multiple Team / Squad Three way Intersection
Movement
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Movement on Stairways
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It normally takes several teams to clear
stairwells.
Teams should be rotated to give soldiers a slight
physical and mental breather. Soldiers may keep
their weapons at the low carry at times to relax
their shoulders from time to time.
Shooting drills train how to bring a weapon up
from the low carry.
If leaders expect their soldiers to carry their
weapons at the high carry for long periods of
time the soldiers will be physically exhausted.
It will also rapidly degrade effective target
engagement.

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Open Stairways
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Clearing up a stairwell is the least preferred
means of gaining access to upper floors. It is
used only when other options are not feasible.
The team enters, dominates, eliminates the enemy
threat, controls any noncombatants, and clears
and secures the hallway(s). The clearing team
establishes and maintains 360-degree and vertical
security and minimizes unnecessary exposure to
possible threat fires.
The team leader organizes the order of movement.
The team leader maneuvers the team up or down a
stairwell, maintains control with 360-degree
security, and eliminates the threat.
It is essential the team leader maintain momentum
of the assault but not move faster than his
soldiers can accurately engage targets.
The use of fragmentary grenades going up the
stairwell is extremely dangerous to the team.

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The 1 man pulls security on the highest point he
can see and engage
The 2 man moves backwards up the stairs on the
inside with the 3 man to a point he can see and
engage the next landing. From there he turns
around and continues to move up to the next
landing.
The 3 man moves up the stairs on the outside
with the 2 man and engages the threat on the
immediate landing.

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The 4 man moves up the stairs with the 1 man.
The 2 man turns around to engage the next
landing.
The flow continues with the 2 man picking up the
sector the 1 man had before. The 3 man picks up
where the 2 man was. The 4 man picks up where
the 3 man was. The 1 man picks up where the 4
man was.
Most stairwells will require a second team.
The plan should be flexible enough to allow the
first fighting element moving upward that finds
an unsecured/unobserved/under defended stairwell
to immediately take advantage of this
opportunity. Fighting uphill is tough and is made
worse when channeled by stairway walls.

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Closed Stairways
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In this technique the 1 and 4 man post
themselves at the base of the stairwell on the
inside. The 1 man can clears a portion of the
landing from his position then pulls security on
the highest point possible. The 4 man pulls rear
security.
The 2 man and 3 man will be the two-man team
that clears up to the next landing.
The 2 man leads with the 3 man at his shoulder.
The 2 man needs to get to his point of
domination.

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Once the landing has been cleared and the 2 man
has cleared part of the next landing, pulling
security on the highest point, the 3 man turns
around and pulls rear security.
The 1 and 4 man then move up the stairs. They
will clear the next landing.
The 1 man assumes the role previously held by 2
man and the 4 man assumes the role previously
held by the 3 man.
This cycle is continued over and over.

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Urban Patrolling
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1. General.The following basic patrolling
principles and techniques apply to permissive and
uncertain urban environments

Overt presence (attempt to establish a positive
U.S. presence and the support of the population).
Depth (urbanized terrain usually limits a
patrols ability to disperse laterally and to
maintain dispersion along the length of the
patrol formation).
Mutual support (positioning of units within the
patrol in depth enables one unit to cover
anothers movement traveling security).
Deception/pattern avoidance (vary patrol routes,
duration, and departure times).
Intrapatrol communications (each unit within an
urban patrol should have the means to
communicate).
Establishment of a reaction force).
Three-dimensional threat (pay constant attention
to the three-dimensional urban environment).

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2. Patrol.

a. Methods. (1) Dismounted. (2)
Vehicular. (3) Rotary wing aircraft
b. Types. (1) Security patrols are
employed to- - Secure information.
- Confuse the enemy. - Destroy
installations. - Seize materials or
suspicious individuals.

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3. Planning Considerations

a. Rules of engagement must be understood by
every soldier
b. Constraints and restraints may change
frequently in response to changing situations.
c. Unit integrity of the fire/squad should be
maintained

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4. Task Organization

a. Task-organize to meet the specific mission
requirements.
b. Use attachment specialist -
Interrogator translator team and
counterintelligence team. - EOD personnel. -
Communications personnel. - Members of host
nation and allied military forces. -
Interpreters. - Local community leaders
and local law enforcement. - Public affairs
soldiers as media personnel escort(s)

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Urban PatrolTips
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1. Movement Considerations.

a. Move within the patrol under observation/cover
of other individuals.
b. Know where cover can be in case of a hostile
incident.
c. Plan for contact with civilians, especially
children.
d. Expect the presence of moving and stationary
vehicles along the route.
e. Have a plan to deal with approaching dogs.
f. Limit the use of camouflage to avoid
frightening and confusing the local population.
g. Vary the movement rate during the day, which
can range from short halts to brief double time.
h. Take up mutually supporting firing positions
that change frequently during short halts.
i. Work in pairs, ensuring mutual support.

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2. Patrol formation Considerations

a. The need for immediate firepower outweighs the
dangers of becoming canalized.
b. The headquarters element is located near the
front of the patrol.
c. Assault and security elements follow in trace
and maintain unit integrity on separate sides of
the street.
d. Platoon-sized squads generally travel abreast
of each other, along parallel routes.
e. The interval between units depends on mission,
enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support
available-time available (METT-TC), but is
usually 100 to 150 meters.

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3. Control measures

a. Checkpoints and phase lines are located in
association with major streets, alleys,
buildings, etc.
b. The terrain model is maintained at higher
headquarters to aid in supervision and control.
4. Individual Tasks.
- Task marksman to engage point targets.
- Look out for suspicious or known insurgent
vehicles.
- Attempt to recognize previously from casual
conversation.
- Search vehicles and personnel.

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5. Hostile Incident Indicators.

a. Observers on rooftops, in windows, etc., who
are obviously tracking the patrol.
b. The unusual absence of pedestrian traffic,
people on porches,etc.
c. A dramatic change in civilian attitude toward
patrol members.
d. Unfamiliar individuals, roadblocks, or
vehicles within the patrol area.
e. Agitators trying to provoke an incident with
patrol members.
f. Civilian workers failing to appear at U.S.
bases, etc.
i. Normal deliveries, pickups,etc., which are
late or early without reason

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6. Immediate Action Drills.

a. Bomb threat/discovery (cordon off and control
area ).
b. Sniper (seek cover, identify position, limit
collateral damage depending on rules of
engagement, and attempt to cut off escape
routes).
c. Hostile individuals/crowd
d. Decisive engagement (treat as a conventional
attack).

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Squad and team leaders

Must take charge of the unit
Supervise
Communicate
Motivate
Demonstrate Initiative
Gives specific instruction to subordinates,
including time start and complete
task as assigned
Briefs subordinates on any changes
Personally maintains noise and light discipline
Can do attitude
Eats and sleeps only after mission essential task
are completed
Seeks additional information when needed
Makes sound and timely decisions based on METT-TC
LEADS BY EXAMPLE

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Common Sense Check List

If it shoots- test fire it.
If it takes batteries- put the batteries in and
turn it on
If it is something you need count it
If you can break it- pad it and find out who
fixes it
If you want it refer to soldiers load

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Uniform and equipment commonly warn during patrol
operations

A. BDUs/DCUs complete with boots, combat
leather
B. Helmet kevlar
C. LBE/LBV complete (all items secure) 1.
Belt individual equipment 2. Canteen 2 each
1 Qt with covers / camelback 3. Canteen cup
4. Case, first aid with 2 dressings
5. Case, small arms 2 each with magazines 6
each 6. Suspenders, LBE 7. Compass,
lensatic 8. Whistle 9. Marking
devises 10. Flex cuffs

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