Petroleum Systems

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Petroleum Systems (Part Two) Trap and
Reservoir GEOL 4233 Class January 26, 2009
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• Petroleum System Summary
• Source (Material and Rocks)
• Generation (Maturation)
• Migration
• Trap
• Reservoir

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Trap Types (A Question of Seal)

• Structural
• Stratigraphic
• Other

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Traps

• Anticlinal - Rock layers folded into a dome
• Stratigraphic - Rock layers changing from a good
  reservoir to non-reservoir due to change in rock
  type (pinch-out), reservoir quality
  (diagenesis), or removal (erosional
  unconformity)
• Fault - Offset of rocks such that oil and
  gas accumulates in reservoir rock

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Structural
Structural
Typical Hydrocarbon Traps
Structural
Structural
Stratigraphic
Stratigraphic
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Stratigraphic
Typical Hydrocarbon Traps
Structural
Stratigraphic
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Structural Traps
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Simple Anticline
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Surface Anticline Hunton Limestone (Oklahoma)
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The Elephant
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(No Transcript)
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A Structural Football (As Simple as it Gets)
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Salt-Induced Structural Trap (Gentle)
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A Minor Fault Complication
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A Major Fault Complication
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Salt-Cored Structure (Greatly Simplified)
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Deepwater Seismic Line (Showing Affects of
Diapirs)
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Structural Traps in a Compressional Terrain
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Groningen Field (Largest Gas Field in Europe)
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Minas Field (Largest Oil Field in Indonesia)
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Unconformity Trap
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(No Transcript)
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East Texas Field ( E.U.R. 5 BBO)
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East Texas Oil Field (1930)
Unconformity
T
rap
Unconformity
T
rap
West
East
Sea Level
Sea Level
Reservoir
Reservoir
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
Seal
Seal
unconformity
unconformity
3,000
3,000
120F
Kitchen
Kitchen


Largest lower-48 field
More than 5 billion barrels recoverable
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1990
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Prudhoe Bay Oil Field (1968)
Anticlinal/Unconformity Combination Trap
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1990
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Oklahoma City Field (Largest in Oklahoma)
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Oklahoma City Field Sub-Crop Map (Pre-Penn
Unconformity)
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Oklahoma City Field (Wilcox Reservoir)
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Simple Fault Trap (Upthrown Normal
Fault) Extensional
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Simple Fault Trap (Narrow Horst) Extensional
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Variably Sealing Fault
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Stratigraphic Traps
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(No Transcript)
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Truncation Trap on Flank Of Fault Closure
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Horseshoe Atoll Complex Midland Basin (W. Tx)
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Other Traps Combination Hydrodynamic Non
(Un) Conventional
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Reams Southeast Field Middle Booch Structure Map
Trapping Fault
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Reams Southeast Field Middle Booch Net Sandstone
Isopach (Showing Combination Trap)
Fault Contact
Water Contact
Reservoir Limits
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Hydrodynamic Trap
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Example Map View of Hydrodynamic Trap
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Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Gas
Accumulations
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• Petroleum System Summary
• Source (Material and Rocks)
• Generation (Maturation)
• Migration
• Trap
• Reservoir

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Reservoir Types

• Clastic
• Blanket Sandstones (Marine Reworked)
• Channels / Deltaics / Turbidites / Nearshore
  Marine
• Others (Aeolian, Granite Wash)
• Carbonate
• Limestone
• Dolomite
• Unconventional
• Gas-Oil Shale (tight sandstone/limestone)
• Coalbed Methane
• Others (hydrates, asphalts)

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(No Transcript)
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Reservoir Sandstone
Good Porosity Lots of Space for Petroleum
Pores (blue)
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Reservoir Sandstone
Pore-Filling Cement Reduces Quality
Cement (pink)
Less Space for Petroleum
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Clastics
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Sedimentary Environments
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Blanket Sandstone Reservoir Simpson-Oil Creek
(Oklahoma)
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Aeolian Sandstone Coconino (Arizona)
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Very Generalized Isopachs of Sandstones in
Variety of Depositional Environments
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Modern Barrier Island Gulf Coast
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Idealized Tidal Delta Oklahoma (Booch)
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Overbank Sandstones Oklahoma (Savanna)
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Modern Mahakam Delta Plain East Kalimantan,
Indonesia
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Incised Valley Block Diagram
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Fluvial (Incised Valley) Sandstone Oklahoma
(Hartshorne)
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Fluvial Sandstone Oklahoma (Red Fork)
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Fluvial Sandstone Oklahoma (Red Fork)
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Well Log of Incised Valley-Fill
Sandstone Oklahomas Brooken Field (Booch)
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Fluvial Sandstone Isopach Map Oklahoma (Upper
Booch)
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Sedimentary Environments
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Turbidite Sandstone Oklahoma (Atoka)
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Carbonates
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Sedimentary Environments
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Carbonate Reservoir Hunton Limestone (Oklahoma)
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(No Transcript)
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Carbonate Reservoir Red Wall Limestone (Arizona)
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Carbonate Reservoir Wapanuka Limestone (Oklahoma)
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Oklahoma Recovery Factor Distribution
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Unconventional
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Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Gas
Accumulations
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Surface Coal Mine in Oklahoma
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(No Transcript)
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Coalbed Methane Well (Oklahoma)
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U.S. Coal Basins
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Woodford Shale (Oklahoma)
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(No Transcript)
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Athabasca Tar Sands
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Methane Hydrates