ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA
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BACKROUND

• PRE- COLONIAL ERA
• COLONIAL ERA
• RECENT TRENDS
• - Industrial Growth
• - Population Explosion
• - Expansion in oil exploration, exploitation
  and use
• - Urbanization
• - Changes in lifestyles and consumption
  pattern

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TYPES OF POLLUTION

• POLLUTION IS THE INTRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCES INTO
  THE ENVIRONMENT THAT ALTER ITS PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL
  AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN SUCH A WAY THAT IS
  HARMFUL TO LIVING ORGANISMS. IN THIS
  CIRCUMSTANCE, THE SUBSTANCES ARE TERMED AS
  POLLUTANTS

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SOURCES OF POLLUTION

• SOURCES OF POLLUTION
• - POINT SOURCE POLLUTION RESULTS FROM DEFINITE
  SOURCES THAT ARE IDENTIFIABLE
• - NON-POINT POLLUTION SOURCES THESE ARE
  DIFFUSE SOURCES THAT ARE NOT IDENTIFIABLE SUCH AS
  RUN-OFFS
• POLLUTION CAN EITHER BE AIR, WATER OR LAND
  POLLUTION

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AIR POLLUTION

• MAIN CAUSES INCLUDE
• - GASEOUS DISCHARGES FROM INDUSTRIES
• - INDISCRIMINATE AND OPEN BURNING OF WASTES
• - BUSH BURNING
• - GAS FLARING
• - INDOOR COOKING
• - EMMISSIONS FROM GENERATORS E.T.C
• - MINING ACTIVITIES

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Air Pollution contd

• MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• - COx, NOx, Sox, Particulates, H2S, CFCs,HCFCs,
  Dioxins and Furans e.t.c.

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WATER POLLUTION

• COULD BE UNDERGROUND OR SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
• MAIN CAUSES INCLUDE
• - RAW OR PARTIALLY TEATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
  DISCHARGES
• - MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
• - AGRICULTURAL RUN-OFF (Pesticide Residues,
  Fertilizer etc)
• - INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING OF WASTE
• - ACID DEPOSITION
• - LEACHATES FROM WASTE DUMPSITES, LANDFILLS
  AND COMTAMINATED LANDS
• - SALINE INTRUSION
• - INVASIVE WEEDS

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WATER POLLUTION CONTD

• MAIN WATER POLLUTANTS INCLUDE
• - HEAVY METALS
• - NITROGEN
• - PHOSPHORUS
• MAJOR CONCERNS
• - OIL GREASE
• - BOD, COD
• - SUSPENDED SOLIDS
• - PH
• - HIGH TEMPERATURE

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LAND POLLUTION

• MAIN CAUSES
• - INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING OF INDUSTRIAL,
  MUNICIPAL AND HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTE
• - INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND DOMESTIC SEWAGE
  DISCHARGES
• - TAILINGS FROM MINING AND MINERAL PROCESSING
  INDUSTRY

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THE NIGERIA INDUSTRY

• INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES WHICH HAVE GROWN OVER THE
  YEARS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS THE MAIN
  CONTRIBUTOR TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN NIGERIA
• KEY CONCERNS
• MORE THAN 8O OF INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA DISCHARGE
  LIQUID, SOLIDS AND GASEOUS WASTES DIRECTLY INTO
  THE ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT ADEQUATE TREATMENT THAT
  MEETS THE BASIC STANDARDS
• WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES ARE EITHER
  NON-EXISTENT OR ARE OLD AND OBSOLETE
• INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE ARE DISPOSED OF IN
  ENVIRONMENTALLY INSECURE DUMPSITES MOST TIMES IN
  MIXED FORMS

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KEY CONCERNS CONTD

• SOME OF THE INDUSTRIES LACK THE WHEREWITHAL TO
  ENGAGE IN SOUND ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES
• COLLOSAL FINANCIAL LOSS RESULTING FROM POOR
  POLLUTION MANAGEMENT BY INDUSTRIES
• THE HIGH POLLUTING NATURE OF THE NIGERIAN
  INDUSTRY MAKES THEM UNATTRACTIVE TO FOREIGN
  INVESTORS
• Making Environmental Pollution Management A
  Wealth-Generating Venture

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NIGERIAN INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND THEIR IMPACTS

• IRON AND STEEL
• Water - Suspended Solids, Ammonia, Cyanides,
  Phenols, Heavy metals and organic pollutants, oil
  and grease, phosphates, chlorides etc
• Air - Particulate matter, SOX, Fume and
  Alkaline oxide emissions, Iron oxide, Acidic,
  salt flux and solvent fumes
• Main solid wastes steel scrap, scarfing
  residues, refractory materials etc

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Industrial Sectors Contd

• TEXTILES
• Wastewater Dyes, Surfactants, oxidizing and
  bleaching agents, reducing agents, silicates,
  inorganic salts, oils, greases, waxes, chromium,
  zinc, lead, copper etc
• Solid waste Fabric and fiber solid waste
• Air Fibers, dust and volatile synthetic fibers

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Industrial Sectors Contd

• FOOD AND BEVERAGES
• Organic wastes leading to suspended solids, ph
  and BOD problems
• TANNERIES
• - Chromium, Suspended solids, Acids, Nitrogen
  compounds, sulphides, vegetable tannings, oil and
  grease

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Industrial Sectors Contd

• PETROLEUM PETROCHEMICALS
• Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide, particulates,
  Nitrogen oxides, organic acids, sulphur oxides,
  hydrocarbons, ammonia, aldehydes
• Water oil and grease, heavy metals (Chromium,
  nickel, cadmium, copper)

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Industrial Sectors Contd

• MINING FOR SOLID MINERALS
• - PARTICULATES, MINE TAILINGS, SURFACE AND
  GROUND WATER POLLUTIO FROM HEAVY METALS

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Industrial Sectors Contd

• CEMENT
• Air- Cement kiln dust, particulates

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COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
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COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION CONTD
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COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION CONTD
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OUR FRAMEWORK FOR POLLUTION MGT.

• Legal Framework
• Nigerian Constitution
• National Laws, Guidelines, Regulations, Edicts
  and Byelaws such as
• - The National Policy on Environment
• - Act 42 of 1988 which makes it a criminal
  offence to import or trade in toxic wastes
• - Regulations S. I. 8 and S. I. 9, which are
  the National Environmental Effluent Regulations
  and Pollution Abatement in Industries and
  Facilities Generating Waste Regulations.

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Legal Framework Contd

• - National Guidelines and Standards for
  Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria
• - Regulation S. I. 15, 1991, is for the
  Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes
• - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree
  86, 1992 with its sectoral guidelines for
  Agricultural and Rural Development Oil and Gas
  Manufacturing Mining, Beneficiation and
  Metallurgical Processes and Infrastructures

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• Institutional Framework
• Federal Ministry of Environment and its
  parastatal (i.e National Oil Spill Detection and
  Response Agency)
• DPR
• State Ministries Responsible for Environment and
  Parastatals
• State Environmental Protection Agencies and
  similar institutions

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• Funding Framework
• National, State and Local Government Budgetary
  Provisions
• Ecological Fund
• Multilateral and Bilateral Funding Assistance,
  World Bank Grants and Loans

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SOME KEY CONSTRAINTS

• INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS
• ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORING
• REGULATORY
• CAPACITY (FINANCIAL, PERSONNEL TECHNICAL)
• INFORMATION
• INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY (eg taxes and
  subsidies, interest exchange rates and
  commodity and waste pricing policies)

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FUTURE TRENDS

• Stronger Linkages between the following
• Environment and Trade
• Environment and Energy
• Environment and Agriculture
• Urbanization and Environment
• Environment, Poverty Alleviation and Gender

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FUTURE TRENDS CONTD

• Other areas in which environment will be given
  considerable attention in future include
• Tradable Commodities Environment is likely to
  emerge as a tradable commodity e.g. Emission
  trading.
• Stock Exchange Waste Stock Exchange where the
  waste of one process serves as the raw material
  for another may be created.
• Concession Environmental investments may become
  concession issues.
• Waste to Wealth

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CHALLENGES

• MAIN CHALLENGE IS TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE
  ADMINISTRATIVE AND EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL
  AND FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS THAT WILL MATCH THE
  EMERGING TRENDS
• GUIDING PRINCIPLE SHOULD BE GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL
  GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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CHALLENGES

• Under-pinning economic development in accordance
  with the principles of sustainable development
• Halting and reducing environmental degradation

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CHALLENGES

• Creating mechanism for Evaluating Environmental
  Performance including Strategic Environmental
  Assessment
• - State of National Environment Report
• - Developing Verifiable Performance
  indicators
• - Creating compliance/Monitoring
  Evaluation Mechanism

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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• Delineation of environmental responsibilities and
  liabilities between and among nations.
• Development of an appropriate and effective
  Environmental Management Institutions which will
  be able to implement and mainstream environment
  into socio-economic development agenda in a
  better cross-linked manner than at present.

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• Creating Mechanism to Sustain and Compensate
  Environment for goods and services it provides
• Creating Mechanism to enable emergence of
  environment as a tradable commodity
• Creating the enabling environment to encourage
  investment in environment protection and
  improvement activities.