ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

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Hello
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ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
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Introduction

• All human blood may look alike but when it is
  tested using special agents, differences become
  apparent.

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ABO Genes

• 1   A/A           
• 1 Homozygous A
• Phenotype A
• Genotype A/A
• Can Contribute Only an A Gene to Offspring
• 2 A/O
• 2 Heterozygous A
• Phenotype A
• Genotype A/0
• Can Contribute A or O Gene to Offspring

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White African American Hispanic Asian
O 37 47 53 39
O - 8 4 4 1
A 33 24 29 27
A - 7 2 2 0.5
B 9 18 9 25
B - 2 1 1 0.4
AB 3 4 2 7
AB - 1 0.3 0.2 0.1

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ABO phenotypes and genotypes

• 1. Group A phenotype A/A or A/O genotype
• 2. Group B phenotype B/B or B/O genotype
• 3. Group O phenotype O/O genotype
• 4. Group AB phenotype A/B genotype

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Blood Type Inheritance
Parent 1 AB AB AB AB B A A O O O
Parent 2 AB B A O B B A B A O
Possiblebloodtypeofchild O
Possiblebloodtypeofchild A
Possiblebloodtypeofchild B
Possiblebloodtypeofchild AB
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BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM
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Production H Antigens
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Production A Antigens
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Production B Antigens
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Indications for ABO grouping

• Blood Donors
• Transfusion recipients
• Transplant Candidates and Donors
• Prenatal Patients
• Newborns
• Paternity testing

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BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN ANTIBODY
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
AB A and B neither
O neither A norB anti-A,B
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Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group

• A person does not have antibody to his own
  antigens
• Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks
  (only in the ABO system)
• Below are the four blood groups and the antigens
  and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies
  present.

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ABO Typing
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Routine ABO Typing Routine ABO Typing Routine ABO Typing Routine ABO Typing Routine ABO Typing Routine ABO Typing
Reaction of Cells Tested With Reaction of Cells Tested With Red Cell ABO Group Reaction of Serum Tested Reaction of Serum Tested AgainstReverse ABO Group
Anti-A Anti-B A cells B Cells
0 0 O O
0 A 0 A
0 B 0 B
AB 0 0 AB
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Discrepancies in ABO typing

• Results of forward and reverse typing must agree
  before reporting out blood type as seen in the
  about table.
• If forward and reverse do not agree, must
  identify cause of discrepancy.
• If cannot resolve discrepancy, must report out
  blood type as UNKNOWN and give group O blood

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